最新高考英语阅读理解专题 猜测词义题 完整版

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猜词-遥望的近义词

2021年1月29日发(作者:白话文史记)

最新高考英语阅读理解专题指导-猜测词义题



在阅 读中我们经常会遇到许多生词。这时许多同学立即翻阅词典,查找词义。这样做不
但费时费力,而且影响 阅读速度、影响对语篇的整体把握。事实上,阅读材料中的每个词与
它前后的词语或句子甚至段落都有联 系。我们可以利用语境(各种已知信息)推测、判断某
些生词的词义。近年来全国统一高考中加大了对考 生猜词义能力的考查,因此,掌握一定的
猜词技巧,对突破高考阅读理解、提高我们的英语语言能力都有 非常重要的意义。



常见的题干有:



1) Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word




2) The word... could best be replaced by.


3) In the... paragraph, the word... means (refers to).


4) According to the passage,... probably means.


5) The author uses the word... to mean.


猜测词义时,一般可利用以下四个方面的线索:



一是针对性的解释



针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想,在 文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或高
深的词汇等所做的通俗化的解释。这些解释提供的信息明确具 体,所使用的语言通俗易懂,
利用它们来猜测词义就非常简单。



1.
根据定义(
definition
)猜测词义



如果生词有一个句子(定语从句或是同位语
<
同位语前常有
or, similarly, that is to
say, in other words, namely, or other, say, i.g.

>
或是同位语从句 )或段落来定义
,
或使用破折号,冒号,分号后的内容和引号括号中的内容加以解释和定义,那 么理解这个句
子或段落本身就是推断词义。
定义常用的谓语动词多为:
be,
mean,
deal
with,
be
considered,
to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify
等。


- 1 -





you
know
what
a
territory
is
?
A
territory
is
an
area
that
an
animal
,usually
the male, claims
(声称)
as its own.
(湖北卷)



[
分析
]
由定义可推知,这里
territory
指的是:动物的地盘。




fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S.
today
.(浙江卷)



[
分析
]
由同位语
an endangered wild cat
我们很快猜出生词
ocelots
的义域:一种濒临
灭绝野猫。




3.
Here
is
The
Pines
,whose
cook
has
developed
a
special
way
of
mixing
foreign
food such as caribou ,wild boar ,and reindeer with surprising sauces .
(福建卷)



According to the passage ,The Pines is a .


A

place in which you can see many mobile homes


B

mountain where you can get a good view of the valley


C

town which happens to be near the Banff National Park


D

restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food


[
分析]
通过
whose
引导的定语从句,我们可以推测到:
The Pines
是一家餐馆的名字,
由此不难推出理解题的答案为:
D




2.
根据举例猜测词义



恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。




4. The course gives you chances to know great power polities between nation
states. It will provide more space to study particular issues such as relationship
among countries in the European Union, third world debt, local and international
disagreement, and the work of such international bodies as the United Nations, the
European Union, NATO, and the World Bank.
(辽宁卷)


- 2 -



[
分析
]
根据
such
as
后面列举的一系列例子,
我们应该能推断出句中的
issue
是指议题。



二是内在逻辑关系



根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指应用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关
系,然后根 据逻辑联系推断生词词义或大致义域。



1.
根据对比、比较关系猜测词义



在一个句子或段落 中,有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述,我们可以根据生词的反
义词猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词 汇和短语主要有:
unlike,
not,
but,
however,
despite,
in spite of, in contrast
等。表示对比关系的句子结构:
while
引导的并列句。同对比关
系相反 ,
比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。
表示比较关系的词和短语主要有:
similar ly,
like,
just as, also, as well as
等。




5.A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of
fun.


What
does
the
underlined
word
hassle
(paragraph
1)
probably
mean?

2002

NMET




A.a party designed by specialists B.a plan requiring careful
thought


C.a situation causing difficulty or trouble D.a demand made by guests


[
分析
]
根据对比关系,这里
hassle

a basket of fun
是相反的意义,很容易判断理
解题的答案为
C





loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.


该句中副词
similarly
表明短语
loves
to
talk

loquacious
之间的比较关系,其意义
相近。 由此我们可推断出
loquacious
的意思是健谈的。



2.
根据因果关系猜测词义


- 3 -



在句子或段落中,若两个事物现象之间构成因果关系,我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推测
生词词义。




that since you are my superior
, it would
be
presumptuous
of me to tell
you what to do .


(上海卷)



The
word
presumptuous
in
the
middle
of
the
passage
is
closest
in
meaning
to .


A

full
of
respect B

too
confident
and
rude C

lacking
in
experience D

too
shy and quiet


[
分析
]
根据
since
引导的原因状语从句的内容(既 然你是我的上司),我们可以推断这

presumptuous
的意思是:冒失的, 放肆的意思,后半句的意思是:我告诉你怎么做会是一
种放肆
/
冒失的行为。对应的理 解题答案为:
B





g is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots,or
young leaves.
(江西卷)



根据原因状语从句的内容,我们可以判断
Pruning
的意思 是:修剪(树枝等)的意思。



3.
根据说明、并列、同等同义近义、、反义等关系猜测词义



在句子或段落中,我们可以利用熟悉的词语,根据语言环境所表面的关系猜测词义。




m Shakespeare said. The web of our life is of a mingled yarn
(纱线),
good and ill together.
(江苏卷)



The underlined word mingled in the last paragraph most probably means .


A

simple B

mixed C

sad D

happy


[
分析
]
句中
good and ill together
更具体地说明了
a mingled yarn
的意义,据此我们
不难推测< br>mingled
的意思是:混合的,交织的。


- 4 -




it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs ? The answer is
yes, according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers.
(湖北卷)



[
分析
]
根据
and
three
other
medical
centers
这种并列关系,
我们很容易推断出:
Johns
Hopkins
是一家医疗中心。




is no reason to insult and defame the man simply because you do not
agree with him.


[
分析
]
根据与
insult
侮辱的同等关系猜测
defame
为诋毁

,中伤或诽谤




game Americans call soccer is known around the world as football.


[
分 析
]
运用与
football
的同义关系推断为足球。




house stood at the end of a quiet neat street. The little
dwelling,however,looked neglected and cheerless.


[
分析
]
运用与
The house
近义关系可以推断
dwelling
与住所有关





women
in
China
---educated
and
illiterated,
urban
and
rural,
the
young
and
old-----work
to
earn
an
income
in
addition
to
maintaining
their
roles
as
housewives
and mothers.


[
分析
]
后面的
urban and rural, the young and old
之间都有反义关系,运用这个关系
可以推断
illite rated
为未接受过教育的,即文盲



三是通过构词法



在猜测词义过程中,我们还可以依靠构词法方面的知识,从生词本身猜测词义。



1.
根据前缀猜测词义




you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools?

- 5 -



根据词根
educational
(教育的),结合前缀
co-
(共同,一起),我们便可以猜出
co- educational
的意思是:男女同校教育的意思。(江西卷)



2.
根据后缀猜测词义




16. It's a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking (
俯瞰
) the bay in an
uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on England's most southerly point
.(广
东卷)



后缀
-ise/ize
意思是使成为;使化,结合词根
commercia l
(商业的),不难猜出

uncommercialized
的意思是:未被商业化的。



3.
根据复合词的各部分猜测词义




tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well

designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent
awkward
(别扭的)
hand positions.
(北京卷)



Well- designed
或许是个生词,
但我们分析该词的结构后,
就能推测出其含义。< br>它由
well
(好,优秀)和
design
(设计)两部分组成,合在一起便是设计精巧的意思。




18. We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-produced by
unskilled labor. Because of this, most people that craft (
手艺
) no longer exists.
(浙江卷)



根据合成词中的
mass
(大量的)和
produce
(生产),我们可以推测
mass- produce

意思是:大批量生产;规模生产的意思。



4.
猜测词性变换新词含义




other teams, disappointed, were on the bus heading home.
(山东卷)



head
本为名词,表头。由
the bus

home
的 语境逻辑可以推断,该句
head
为动词,表
方向,结合全句可译为开往、驶向。

- 6 -

猜词-遥望的近义词


猜词-遥望的近义词


猜词-遥望的近义词


猜词-遥望的近义词


猜词-遥望的近义词


猜词-遥望的近义词


猜词-遥望的近义词


猜词-遥望的近义词