助动词的归纳和用法

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2021年01月30日 13:27
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2021年1月30日发(作者:电视广告语)
助动词的归纳和用法

助动词

助动词顾名思义就是一种帮助类的动词,
英语中称为
helping verb

auxiliary

置于动
词的前面,使得动词能表现出时态、语态、 疑问句等变化。

助动词的种类


——
be

之前我们说过
be
为不完全不及物(系动词),但当
be
动词接现在 分词或过去分词表
进行时态或被动语态,此时
be
动词就称为助动词

be +
现在分词

=
进行时

例:
He is reading a book
(他正在读书)

be +
及物动词的过去分词

=
被动语态

例:
He was elected chairman.
(他被选为主席)

——
have

have/has/had +
过去分词



译为

已经
……”

现在完成时:
He has written the letter.
(他已经把信写好了)

过去完成时:
I had finished the task before he came
(在他来之前我已经完成了这个任务)

——
do

do

does

did
等助动词可形成下列结构

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助动词的归纳和用法


注意:



任何动词要用
not
连用形成否定,一定要靠
do
does

did
再加上
not
协助,千万千
万不可形成这样的句子:

I not love her
(错)
.
而应该改为

I don't love her.



动词前若置
not
以外的否定词,如:never
(从来不)、
seldom
(不常)、
rarely
(很
少)、
hardly
(几乎不)、
scarcely
(几乎不) 等,则不需要与
do/does/did
连用。


1

He never lived here.
(他从未住过这儿)


2

He seldom sings.
(他很少唱歌)

do

does

did
可形成疑问句


1

Did you understand it?
(你懂吗?)


2

Where does he live
?(他住在哪儿?)

do

does

did
加强语气

即< br>在








按< br>时





do/does/did
,< br>再








此< br>时
do/does/did
译成

的确


He loves her.
(他爱她)

→He does love her
(他确实爱她)

He worked hard.
(他很用功)

→ He did work hard.
(他确实很用功)

do

does

did
也可作代动词,用来代替已出现过的动词及其后的其他动词

Did you read this book?
(你读过这本书吗)

Yes ,I did.
(是的,我读过)

——
shall

will

shall

will


将要

时,之后接原型动词

现在的英语中,
表 单纯的一般将来时,
不论主语为第几人称,
都使用
will

很少用
shall


例:

I will tell you the truth tomorrow.
(明天我会告诉你事实的真相)

He will be twenty the day after tomorrow
(后天他就
20
岁了)

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助动词的归纳和用法

但是在下列结构中仍然使用
shall



征求意见时:
shall I……


. Shall I open the door?
(需要我开门吗?)



请求对方合作时:
shall we……


. Shall we go for a work.
(我们散个步,好吗?)



命令对方时也可用

You shall……
你必须
……

= You must


. You shall obey the law
(你必须遵守法律)

——
should
用法

should
之后接原形动词

should
的主要功能是表示一 种义务,译为

应该


此时等于
ought to


. You should
finish
your homework (
你应该完成你的家庭作业)

在下列结构中习惯上也用
should
,但有不同的意思

译为





应当



译为

居然


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助动词的归纳和用法


意志类动词


建议(< br>recommend

suggest

proposed




要求(
ask

demand
、< br>desire

require

request




规定(
rule

regulate

等之后
若有
that
从句作宾语时
,从句中
使用should
,而
should
通常予以省略。

例:

He suggested that we

should

leave at once
(他建议我们立刻离去)

They demanded that he

should

be quiet
(他们要求他安静)

lest
译为

以免

,为副词连词,所引导的从句亦使用
should
,而
should
也可省略

例:
He came early lest he (should) be late

= He came early for fear that he might be late

(
他怕迟到来得很早)

If
从句若表示与将来状况相反时,应该使用
should
,表

万一

的意思

If you should be late again,you will spoil the plan

(
你要是再迟到,就会破坏这个计划)

在一般过去时中,要用
should

I told him that I should be at home that evening
(我告诉他那天晚上我会在家)

should have +
过去分词,表示与过去事实相反的语气,译为

早应
……”

例:
You should have done it earlier (
你应该早点做好的)

If you had not helped me, I should have died.
(你要是没救我,我早死了)

——
would

would

will
的过去式,用来表示过去将来时

例:

He said that he
would
try again.
(他说了他会再试一试)

Did you know when he
would
come?
(你当时知道他何时会来吗)

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助动词的归纳和用法

有时也会出现
will
与一般过去时连用的现象

例:
He said that he
will
visit the country sometime in July
(他说他会在七月份访问该国)

那么怎么区分使用
will
还是
would
呢?

He said
虽然为过去状态,但
will
是用于尚未到来的时间,而would
用于已经过去的时
间。

例:
He said that he
will
visit you tomorrow
(他说了他明天会来拜访你)

He said that he
would
visit you yesterday
(他说了昨天会来拜访你)

would
用在虚拟语气中,表与现在或过去事实相反

与现在事实相反:
would +
动词原形



译为

就会
……”

例:
If I had money now, I
would buy
a big house.
如果我有现在有钱,我会买一套大房子

与过去事实相反:
would have +
过去分词

例:
If we had left earlier, we
would have been
able to stop off for a coffee on the way.
(如
果我们出发早一点,我们就能在去的路上停下来喝一杯咖啡)


would
表示过去特别的习惯或者动作

例:
I had a friend from Albany, which is about 36 miles away, and we
would
meet every
Thursday morning and she
would
help us.
(我有一个来自奥 尔巴尼的朋友,大概有
36

里远,我们经常在星期三早上见面,并且她经常帮助我们 )


would
表示间接委婉建议,经常和
advise, imagine, recommend, say, suggest
等词连



在请求或寻求帮助时,用
would
代替
will
以表礼 貌正式


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