助动词和情态动词

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2021年01月30日 13:32
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2021年1月30日发(作者:昆山办证)
助动词和情态动词

助动词包括:
be (is, am, are, was, were, been, being)

have (has, had,
having)

do (does, did)

shall (should), will (would)
情态动词包括:

can, could, (be able to)

may, might


will ,would


dare,

need,

must (have to)


ought to,

shall, should


be +
动词不定式

可以表示下面几种意思
:
1.
命令或指示
。例如:

No one
is to enter
the room without permission.
The books
are not to be taken
out of the reading-room.
2.
计划或安排
。例如:

A new bridge
is to be built
over the river soon.
The expedition
is to start
in a week's time.
3.
可能
。例如:

This kind of tree
is to be found
in that forest.
4.
应该
。例如:

Such people
are to be criticized
.
5.
表示后来发生的事,可以用来表示一种命运
。例如:

They said good-bye, little knowing that they
were never to meet
again.
He
was to regret
the decision.

Note:
was (were) +
不定式完成式



这种结构表示
“本来打算…,
本来要…
(而结果则没做)


例如:

He
was to have attended
the meeting, but he fell ill.
他本来要参加会议的,但是生病了。
(因此没参加)


have
to

must
在表示“必须”这个意思时是很接近的,但

1
也有一定的区别。

1. have to
比较强调客观需要,表示因客观 环境或事态促使而
不得不做某事;
must
强调主观看法,表示主观上认为有必要做某
事。例如:

I
must learn
another language.
(主观想法
: I want to


I
have to learn
another language.
(客观需要:身为一个外交官)

You
must be
back before 10 o'clock.

(叮嘱或命令)

You
have
to
be

back
before
10
o'clock
because
the
train
is
to
leave at 10:05.
(客观需要)

注意下面两句的含义:

Though she didn't need to, she
must go
.
虽然她不用去,她
却偏要去


You don't have to come again, but you
must
.
你不必再来,可是你
执意要来



2. have to
多表示义务或习惯动作;

must
则用于表示一种重要或急迫的事情。例如:

We
have to care
for the young.
(义务)

She
has to be
at the office before eight every day.
(习惯)

You
must go
to the manager at once, or you'll be dismissed.
务必马上去见经理,不然你会被开除的。
(急迫的事情)

3. have to
可用于不同的时态;


must
一 般只用于现在时
(但也可以表示将来的情况,
在间
接引语中也可以表示过去时)
。例如:

I
have to (must)
leave now.
We'll
have to
buy another TV set.
They
had to
put off the sports meet because of the bad weather.

2
He said that the work must be finished within two weeks.
4. must
还可以表示一种推断和揣测,

have to
则不能。
例如:

This must be Jin's pen.
There must be something wrong with the machine.
5.

must
+动词完成式

可以用来

示对过去情况的
揣测
,而
have to
则不能。例如:

She
must
have
read
the
book
sometime
in
the
past,
or
she
couldn't have answered the question so well.
她一定在过去某个时候读过这本书,不然,这个问题她不会
回答得这么好的。

Note:


在现代英语中,
have to
中不定 式和疑问句式既可以按照
助动词的变化规则构成,也可以按照行为动词的变化规则构成。
例如:

Have you to finish the work before supper?
Do you have to finish the work before supper?
have got to
常可同
have to
换用,但有时表示不同的含义。比
较:

He has to report to the headquarters every two days.
(例行公事,
习惯动作)

He has got to report to the headquarters every two days.
(一道指
示或命令,必得每天报告一次)



另外,作“有”解时,
have
got

have
通常是可以换用
的,
have got
更口语化,但有时表示不同的含义。比较:

The man has a blind eye.
那人有一只眼瞎了。

The man has got a blue eye.
那人有一只眼被打青了。


must not
表示禁止,
是说话人强有力的劝告或命令,
意为
“一
定要,不准”
。 因此,在回答由
must
引导的问题时,如果是否定
的回答,表示“不必,没有必要”
,不能用
mustn't
,而要用
needn't

3

don't have to.
试比较:

You must not drive fast.
你不能开快车。
(路险或有速度限制)

You needn't drive fast.
(时间充裕)

You must not tell others.
(警告)

You needn't tell others.
(没有必要)


needs
为副词,相当于
necessarily,
of
necessity.
must
needs

needs mu st
均可表示“必须,必定,不得不”
,这层意义上可以通
用;但
must needs
还可表示“
偏偏,偏要

,含有讥讽、不满的意
思,而< br>needs must
则一般无这层意思。例如:

I
must needs
go there now.
我现在非到那里去不可。
(可用
needs must


Needs must when the devil drives.
情势所迫不得不那样。

She
must needs
go away when I want her.
我正需要她时,她偏偏离开了。
(不可用
needs must


The telephone
must needs
ring when I went to bed.
我上床睡觉时偏偏有人来电话。
(不可用
needs must



need
指主语的主观特需情况而使之必要。
need
既可以作助动
词,又可以作行为动词。作助动词时,
need
没有 人称和数的变化,
后接不带
to
的不定式(动词原形)
,否定式为
n eedn't.
作行动动词
时,
need
同别的行为动词一样,有人称和数的 变化,后接带
to

不定式,
否定式要在前面加
don't

doesn't, didn't


疑问句用
do (does,
did)
提问。例如:

There need be no hurry, need there?
He need never know. (=He never needs to know.)
I need only add a few words. (= I only need to add a few words.)
比较:

Father sent me the book, so I didn't need to write to him for it.

4
父亲把那本书寄来了,
所以我不必为此给他写信了。
(信没写)

Father sent me the book, so I needn't have written to him for it.
父亲把那本书寄来了,所以我本不该为此再写信给他的。
(信
已写)

She
didn't need
to come.
她不必来的。
(实际也没来)

She
needn't have come
.
她本来不必来的。
(但却来了)

Note:
作助动词用时,
need
只用于疑问句中和否定句中,在肯定句
中常用
must, have to, should, ought to

。例如:

Need you do it right now? I needn't, but he must.
She doesn't need to be told. She has already known it.
(客观情况使得告诉她没有必要:她已经知道)

She needn't be told. We should keep it secret from her.
(主观上不愿告诉)


1. ought
没 有词形变化,通用于所有人称,可以用于现在时,
过去时和将来时,同带
to
的不定式 连用,否定式为
ought
not
to
(oughtn't)
,疑问式把
ought
放在主语前。例如:

He knew he ought not to tell her that.
Note:


ought to

must, have to, should
的含义比较接近,
但不完
全相同。
ought to
表 示义务或责任,用以提醒某人注意其义务,或
提出劝告,指出一个正确、明智的行为。
must
强调的是主观愿望,
指必须做什么,
牵涉到说话人的权威。
have to
则表示由某种情况、
环境所迫而不得不做某事。
should

ou ght to
用法完全相同,
只是
ought to
口气稍重一些。比较:

You ought to respect the old.
(劝告)

You must do it at once.
(含有说话人的权威性)

We'll have to reconsider the matter.
(情况所迫:发现有新的问
题)


5
We should (ought to) do more for the country.
(义务,责任)

表示“必然”时,
ought to
的语气不像
must
那么肯定。

比较:

This is where the gold deposits must be.
这里一定是埋藏金子的地方。

This is where the gold deposits ought to be.
这里应是埋藏金子的地方。


used to +
动词原形表示一种过去的习惯、
过去的例行活动或方
式, 一个与现在情况相反的过去状况,意为“过去常常”
,否定式

used not to (usedn't to)

疑问式把
used
放在主语前。
be (become,
get,
grow)
accustomed
/used
to


动名词或名词(不能加动词原
形)意为“习惯于…,对…习惯”
。例如:

He usedn't to like English, but he quite likes it now.
The students soon got used to school regulations.
She didn't use(d) to come.
She usedn't to come.
她过去不常来。

Did he used to get up early?
Used he to get up early?
他过去常早起吗?

Didn't he used to get up early?
Usedn't he to get up early?
他过去不是早起吗?

Note:


used to
还可以同
often, never, always
连用。例如:

He often used to work late at night.
他过去常工作到深夜。

She always used to get up at four o'clock in the morning.
她过去总是早晨
4
点起床。


除在一般将来时中用于第一人称外,
shall
还有如下用法。

1.
表示征求意见或请求指示。例如:

Shall we meet in the evening?
晚上见好吗?


6
How shall I start the machine?
怎样开动这部机器?

Note:
shall
只表示“愿意按对方的指示去做”
,而
may, might
can
表示“征求对方的同意”
,意为“行不行,好不好,可以不可以。

比较:

Shall I come in?
你要我进来吗?

May
(或
might, can

I come in?
我可以进来吗?

Shall I buy the dictionary?
要我买那本词典吗?

May
(或
might, can

I buy the dictionary?
我可买那本词典吗?

Shall I go there tomorrow?
要我明天去那里吗?

May I go there tomorrow?
我明天去那里好吗?


用于第二、三人称,要重读,不可缩写、表示意图、意志、
允诺、
命令或必 然结果等;

shall
所表示的意志是说话人的意志,
而非句子中主语的意 志。在法律、条约、协定等文件中,
shall

示义务、规定等。例如:

You shall have a lot of money= I shall give you a lot of money.
(意图)

你会有很多钱的。
(我会给你很多钱的)

Each citizen shall carry his identification card when traveling.
(规
定)

旅行时每个公民务必带上身份证、

She shall get this paper in the evening.
(允诺)

He shall get what he deserves.
(警告)

Death is certain to all; all shall die.
物皆会死。
(命运)

Better days shall soon follow.
(预言)

will
和< br>would
除在将来时态中用于第二、
三人称外,
还有如下
用法。
1.
表示请求(这时
will

would
通用, 而
would
更委婉,也

won't

。例如:


7
Will you give her the letter?
你把这封信给她好吗?

Would you please tell me your telephone number?
请把你的电话号码告诉我好吗?

2.
表示习惯或倾向。
will
用于一般的习惯,
would用于描述过
去的习惯或例行的活动。
would

used to 强调过去的习惯性动作
或状态,但如今已不存在,与现在的情况形成对比,既可表示过
去持 续的状态,也表示过去曾经的行为。例如:

Scarf used to be heavy smoker.
Father used not to be so forgetful.

would
强调过去某种特定情况下的动作,是完全过去的事情,
同现在没 有联系。
would
只表示重复的动作,不表示状态。比较:

She used to get up at six in the morning.
(正,重复的行为)

She would get up at six in the morning.
(误)

Man used to think that the earth was flat.
(正,持续状态)

Man would think that the earth was flat.
(误)



would
可以表示不规则的习惯,
used to
则不可。

例如:

Sometimes she would take a walk in the neighboring woods.
(不
可用
used to


An Englishman will show you the way in the street.
英国人在街上是会给你指路的。
(英国人一般都会这样做。


In those days, whenever I had difficulties, I would go to Mr. Lees
for help.
He used to get up at five, but now he gets up at six.
下面两句是错误的,应改用
used to:
He would be very nervous when taking an exam.
Before liberation, workers would work sixteen hours a day.
3.
表示推测。例如:


8
It will be Mr. Wang knocking at the door.
It would be about ten o'clock when he left home.
They will have arrived in New York by now.

Note:
will
表示推测时没有
must
把握大,
should
也可以表示推测,
但比
will
把握略小。其程度由 低到高为
might

may

could

sh ould

ought to

would

will
must


4.
表示命令、强迫等(只用
will
,通用于所有人称)
。例如:

All will arrive before 7:45.
所有人员务必在
7:45
之前到达。

I won't allow her to do that.
我不会让她做那件事的。

5.
表示意愿或固执坚持。用于非人主语时,表示固有性质、
倾向。

例如:

She won't lend me the money.
她不愿把钱借给我。

He is the man who will go his own way.
他是一个自行其是的人。

The window won't open.
窗子打不开。

I won't argue with you.
比较:

He will do it, whatever might happen.
不管发生什么,他都要做这件事。
(主语
He
坚持要做)

He shall do it, whatever might happen.
不管发生什么,他都必须做这件事。
(我们坚持要
He
做)

6.
表示能力(拟人化)
。例如:

The hall will seat 1000 people.

9
That was a strong dog. How much would it carry?
7.
表示客观事实。例如:

Fish will die out of water.
Oil will float on water.
8.
表示意图或允诺。例如:

I'll trouble you for the dictionary.
You will have your share.
I won't let you down.
9.
表示拒绝,用
won't
。例如:

I won't listen to your nonsense.
I urged him to do it, but he wouldn't hear of it.


if
从句中的运用。

在含有
if从句的主从复合句中,如果
if
引导的条件状语从句
表示的是一般将来时或过去将 来时,
不可用
will

would

而要用
一般 现在时或一般过去时代替。但是,
will
可用于
if
从句中表示
各 种“愿望”
,这些愿望包括“请求,意愿,拒绝,同意,允许,
能够,坚持,选择,计划”等。 例如:

If you will come into the hall, the meeting will begin soon.
请到大厅里来,会议快要开始了。
(请求)

If
you
will
make
another
try.
I
shall
do
everything
possible
to
help you.
如果你原意再试一次的话,我愿尽一切可能帮助你。
(意愿)

If he won't go with you, I shall ask somebody else.
如果他不肯同你一起去的话,我将另找他人。
(拒绝)

If you will agree with me. I shall tell you everything about it.
如果你同意我的观点,我将把一切都告诉你。
(同意)

If you will not come late again, I shall let you in.
如果你答应不再迟到的话,我就让你进去。
(允诺)

If anyone will find a cure to the disease, it will be a wonder.
如果有人能够治好这种病的话,那将是一个奇迹。
(能够)


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