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2021年1月30日发(作者：李文模)
系动词和助动词

一、

动词概述


表示动作或状态的词叫做动词。可以分为以下四类：

类别

行为动词

连系动词

助动词

及物动词

不及物动词

例句

Love, make
Go, rise
Be, l
ook
Be, have, d
o, shall, will, did
使用特点

后跟宾语

后不跟宾语

后跟表语

本身没有词义，
后跟动词原形
或分词，
构成疑问 句或否定句
等

本身有词义，后跟动词原形，
构成谓语

情态动词



二、

连系动词

Can, may, mist

系动词亦称连系动词（
Link Ver b
），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓
语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成 系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。系
动词后不可接副词，接的是形容词。大致分七种


1
状态系动词


用来表示主语状态，只有
be
一词，例如：


He is a teacher.
他是一名教师。（
is
与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）

2
持续系动词


用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，
主要有
keep
, rest, remain,
stay
, lie, stand,
例如：


He always kept silent at meeting.
他开会时总保持沉默。


This matter rests a mystery.
此事仍是一个谜。



3
表像系动词


用来表示

看起来像

这一概念，主要有
seem
, appear,
look
,
例如：


He looks tired.
他看起来很累。


He seems (to be) very sad.
他看起来很伤心。



4
感官系动词


感官系动词主要有
feel, smell, sound, taste
,
例如：


This kind of cloth feels very soft.

这种布手感很软。


This flower smells very sweet.

这朵花闻起来很香。



5
变化系动词


这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，
变化系动词主要有
become, grow, turn
, fall
（
asleep
）
,
get
,
go,
come
, run.

例如：


He became mad after that.
自那之后，他疯了。


She grew rich within a short time.
她没多长时间就富了。



6
终止系动词


表示主语已终止动作，主要有
prove, turn out,
表达
证实

，

变成

之意，例如：


The rumor proved false.
这谣言证实有假。


The search proved difficult.
搜查证实很难。


His plan turned out a success.
他的计划终于成功了。（
turn out
表终止性结果）


7
．使役动词：
let,have,make
使，让
…

Let /make somebody do sth
The teacher lets/makes them clean the classroom after school.
Make sb/sth adj.

The story makes me happy. The color makes it look beautiful.
Have somebody do sth
让某人做某事

Have sth done
让某物被

My mother haves me make the bed. I have my hair cut/washed.
有些动词它们既可以用作实义动词，又可以 用作连系动词。
另外
be
还可用作助动词。它们
的用法不同，词义和句型结构 也有所不同。例如：



Look at the blackboard, please.
请看黑板。
(look
用作实义动词
)



He looks a little tired.
他略显疲倦。
(look
用作连系动词
)



They are at work.
他们在工作。
(are
用作连系动词
)

They are working.
他们正在工作。
(are
用作助动词， 帮助构成现在进行时
)

三、

助动词

协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（
Auxiliary Verb
）。被协助的动词称作
主要动词（
Main Verb
）。构成时态
,
语态。

助动词是语法功能词，自身没有词义，不可单
独使用，它没有对应的汉译，例如：

He doesn't like English.
他不喜欢英语。

（
doesn't
是
助动词，无词义；
like
是主要动词，有词义< br>)
1
、
助动词
be
（
am, is, are, was, were, being, been
）的用法

（
1
）

be
后跟现在分词构成进行时态。

Who is playing the violin?
谁在拉小提琴？

She was reading a book then.
那时她正在读书。

（
2
）
be
后跟过去分词构成被动语态。

He was asked to d
o the work.
有人要他干这件工作。

You are invited to attend the meetintg.
有人邀请你参加会议。

（
3
）
be
后跟不定式作谓语，有如下几种情况：

①
表示计划、安排将要发生的事。

Who are we to meet?
我们要见谁呀？

I'm to have supper with John this afternoon.
今天下午我要与约翰一起吃晚饭。

②
表示指示、命令，否定式表禁止。

You are to see the headmaster today.
今天你必须去见校长。

You are not to enter the room without permission.
未经允许你不能进入房间。

③
表示义务、责任等，同
should
。

You are to be back before 5.
你得在
5
点钟以前回来。

What is to be d
one?
该干什么。

④
表示可能性，与情态动词
may, can
同义。

Such books are to be found in any library.
这种书任何图书馆都有。

Not a sound was to be heard.
一点声响也没有。

⑤
表示后来发生的事，可以用来表示命运或注定

They say good-bye, little knowing that they were never to meet again.
他们告别了，没想到再
也不能相见了。

He was to regret the decision.
他有一天会后悔做出这一决定的。

⑥
用于习语

Where am I to go?
我该向何处去？

What am I to do?
我该怎么办？


2
、
助动词
have(has, had, having
)
的用法

（
1
）助动词
have
可以构成完成时或完成进行时

He has been a d
octor for 10 years.
他当医生十年了。

This is the place I have been longing to visit.
这就是我一直渴望参观的地方。

（
2
）和不定式构成谓语，表示客观上不得不做的事情。

We've missed the train. We'll have to wait for another one.
我们己经误了火车，我们只能等下
一列。

-Do we have to start work?
我们得立刻工作吗？

-No. We d
on't have to.
不，不必了。


3
、
do(d
oes, did)
的用法

（
1
）构成疑问句或否定句

How did you know about it?
你是怎样知道这件事的。

He does not smoke.
他不抽烟。

（
2
）加强语气。

He did tell that.
他的确告诉了此事。

Do come and see us.
一定来看我们。

（
3
）代替前面刚出现的动词，避免重复。

-You like popular music, d
on't you?
你喜欢流行音乐，是吧？

-Yes , I d
o.
是的，我喜欢。

He speaks French as fluently as she does.
他讲法语和她讲的一样流利。

（
4
）用于倒装句中。

Never did he pay attention to my words.
他从不注意我的话。

Only then did I understand the importance of English.
只是那时，我才了解到英语的重要性。

（
5
）构成否定的祈使句。

Don't be so careless.
不要那么粗心。

Do not hesitate to come for help.
只管来求助。


4.
助动词
shall
和
will
的用法

shall
和
will
作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时，例如：




I shall study harder at English.

我将更加努力地学习英语。




He will go to Shanghai.

他要去上海。




说明：





在过去的语法中，语法学家说
shall
用于第一人称，
will
只用于第二、第三人
称。现在，尤其是在口语中，
will
常用于第一人称，但
shall
只用于第一人称，如用
于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词 ，试比较
:



He shall come.

他必须来。（
shall
有命令的意味。）




He will come.

他要来。（
will
只与动词原形构成一般将来时。）




shall
在疑问句中
,
用于第一
,
第三人称< br>,
征求对方意愿




shall I turn on the light?



要开灯吗
?(
我把灯打开好吗
?)



shall he come to see you?



他要不要来看你




(
比较
: will he come to see you?
他会不会来看你
)

shall
用在陈述句
,
与第二第三人称连用
,
变为情态动词
< br>表示允诺
,
命令
,
警告
,
和
说话人的决心等


5.
助动词
should,would
的用法



1
）
should
无词义，只是
shall< br>的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于
第一人称，例如：




I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.



我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。




比较：






I asked.




我下周干什么？

我问道。（可以说，
shall
变成直接引语时，变成了
should
。）




2
）

would
也无词义，是
wi ll
的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第
二、第三人称，例如：




He said he would come.

他说他要来。




比较：





他说：

我要去那儿。




变成间接引语，就成了：




He said he would come.





原来 的
will
变成
would
，
go
变成了
come .
。过去式从原来的
go
变为
came
。



系动词专项训练



1.
—
What is Mr Wang like?




—
____.


A. He is a teacher







B. He is old and kind


C. He looks like a balloon


D. He likes English


2. What Mr White said sounds____.


A. friendly


B. wonderfully

C. pleasantly

D. nicely


3. The poor boy ____ blind at the age of three.


A. turned


B. goes


C. became


D. went


4. When he was a child he____ .


A. grew patience


B. was alive


C. ran wild


D. came true


5. His voice____ as if he has a cold.


A. sounds


B. listens


C. hears


D. seems


6. This shirt___ as if it is made of cotton.


A. is



B.
looks


C. feels


D. seems


7. He looks ___ he hadn’t had a good meal for a month



A. that


B. as if


C. when


D. so far


8. It ____that he was late for the train.


A. looks


B. turns


C.
gets


D. seems


9. These apples taste_____.


A. to he good


B. to be well



C. well


D. good


10.
—
Do you like the shirt?





—
Yes, it ____ very soft.


A. feels


B. felt


C. is feeling


D. is felt


11. The moment Mr Zhang went to bed, he____ asleep


A. kept


B. got


C. fell


D. fall


12. When I went home yesterday, it was ____ dark.


A. going


B. getting


C. running


D. coming


13. Their plan ____ to be a perfect one.


A. proved


B. was proved


C. is proving


D. proving


14. The flowers in the garden ____ sweet.


A. sound


B. taste


C. become


D. smell


15. She____ like her mother in character.


A. looks


B. seems


C. is


D. feels


16. It____ another fine day tomorrow.


A. seems


B. promises


C. appears


D. looks


17. He ____ much younger than he really is.


A. appears


B. grows


C. becomes


D. turns


18. You____ very pale. Do you feel sick?


A. looked


B. look


C. looking


D. are looked


19. His wish to become a driver has ____true.


A. turned


B. realized


C. come


D. grown


20. Her father ____a writer.
A. turned

B. grew

C. has turned

D. has become
助动词专项训练


it is fine tomorrow, we ______ a football match.


a. have

b. will have

c. has

d. shall has

he was at school, he ______ early and take a walk before breakfast.


a. will rise

b. shall rise

c
. should rise

d.
would rise

the past 30 years China ______ great advances in the socialist revolution and


socialist construction.


a. has made

b. have made

c. had made

d. having made

4.I ______ go to bed until I ______ finished my work.


a. don’t/had

b. didn’t/have

c. didn’t/had

d. don’t/have


5.______ you think he ______ back by dinner time?


a. Do/have come

b. Did/will have come

c. Does/will come d. Do/will have come

said that he dropped his bag when he ______ for the bus.


a. was runing

b. was running

c. were running

d. is running

sooner ______ he arrived home than he ______ to start on another journey.


a. has/was asked

b. have/were asked

c. had/is asked

d. had/was asked

8.“______ you give me a room for the night?” I asked on arriving at the hotel.


a. Should

b. Can

c. Might

d. May

are nine of them, so ______ get into the car at the same time.


a. they may not at all

b. all they may not

c
. they can’t all

d. all they can’t

10.“We didn’t see him at the lecture yesterday.” “He ______ it.”


a. mustn’t attend










b. cannot have attended



c. would have not attended


d. needn’t have attended
11.“You realize that you were driving at 100 mph, don’t you?”



“No, officer. I ______. This car can’t do more than 80.”



a. didn’t need to be b. may not have been c. couldn’t have been d. needn’t have been
was a good runner so he ______ escape from the police.


a. might

b. succeeded to

c. would

d. was able to

they ______, our plan will fall flat.


a..are co-operating b. had not co-
operated c. won’t co
-
operate d. didn’t co
-operate

14.I hoped ______ my letter.


a. her to answer

b. that she would answer

c. that she answers

d. her answering

______ live in the country than in the city.


a. prefers

b. likes to

c. had better

d. would rather

16.______ to see a film with us today?


a. Did you like

b. Would you like

c. Will you like

d. Have you liked

17.I’m sorry, bu
t I had no alternative. I simply ______ what I did.


a. must do

b. had to do

c. ought to have done

d. have to do

18.“Time is running out,______?”


a. hadn’t we better got start



b. hadn’t we better get start

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