分析情态动词和助动词的区别

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2021年01月30日 13:51
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2021年1月30日发(作者:2018元旦晚会)


情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义
,
但要与普通动词一起使用,
给谓语动词增添情态色彩,
表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法,认为其可能、应该或必 要等。



情态动词后面加动词原形。

分类:



情态动词有四类:



①只做情态动词:
must,can(could),may(might),ought to


②可做情态动词又可做实义动词:
need,dare


③可做情态动词又可做助动词:
shall(should),will(would)


④具有情态动词特征:
have(had) to,used to
位置
:


情态动词在句中放在谓语动词之前
,
谓语动词前若有助动词
,
则在助动词之前
,
疑问句中
,
情态动词则在主语之前。



I can see you. Come here.


我能看见你,过来吧。



He must have been away.


他一定走了。



What can I do for you?


我能帮你吗?



How dare you treat us like that




你怎能那样对待我们!

特点
:


情态动词无人称和数的变化
,
情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形
,
否定式构成是在情态动词
后面加




个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式
,
过去式用来表达更加客气
,
委婉
的语气
,
时态性不强
,
可用于过去,
现在或将来。
情态动词属非及物动词,
故没有被动语态。



He could be here soon.


他很快就来。



We can't carry the heavy box.


我们搬不动那箱子。



I'm sorry I can't help you.


对不起,我帮不上你。


< br>基本助动词与情态助动词最主要的区别之一是,
基本助动词本身没有词义,
而情态助动词
则有自己的词义,能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法,或表示主观设想:



What have you been doing since?
(构成完成进行体,本身无词义)



I am afraid I must be going.
(一定要)



You may have read some account of the matter.
(或许已经)



除此之外,情态助动词还有如下词法和句法特征:



1



ought

used
以外,< br>其他情态动词后面只能接不带
to
的不定式。
如果我们把
ought
to

used
to
看做是固定词组的话,那么,所有情态动词无 一例外地只能接不带
to
的不定
式:



We used to grow beautiful roses.


I asked if he would come and repair my television set.


2


情态助动词在限定动词词组总是位居第一:



They need not have been punished so severely.


3


情态助动词用于第三人称单数现在时的时候,没有词形变化,即其词尾 无
-s
形式:



She dare not say what she thinks.


4


情态动词没有非限定形式,即没有不定式和分词形式,也没有相应的动名词:



Still, she needn't have run away.


5


情态助动词的“时”的形式并不是时间区别的主要标志。在 不少场合,情态助动词
的现在时和过去时形式都可以表示现在、过去或将来时间:



Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something?


She told him he ought not to have done it.


6


情态助动词之间是相互排斥的,即在一个限定动词词组中只能出现一个情态助动词,
但有时却可以与have

be
基本助动词连用:



You should have washed the wound.


Well, you shouldn't be reading a novel.
用法



首先它是动词,
而且不同于行为动词,
行为动词表示的是可以通过行为来表达的动作
(如
写,读,跑)
,而情态动词只是表达 的一种想法(如能,也许,敢)




用法是:情态动词
+
行为动词原形



例句:
I can read this sentence in English.


我能用英语读这句话。



情态动词是一种 本身有一定的词义
,
表示说话人的情绪
,
态度或语气的动词
,
但不能单独作
谓语
,
只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。



We can be there on time tomorrow.
我们明天能按时去那儿。



May I have your name?
我能知道你的名字吗?



Shall we begin now?
我们现在就开始吗?



You must obey the school rules.
你必须遵守校规。



情态动词数量不多
,
但用途广泛
,
主要有下列
:


can
(could),
may
(might),
must,
need,
ought
to,
dare
(dared),
shall
(should),
will
(would),have (to) ,had better.










(auxiliary)











(primary
auxiliary)






(modal
auxiliary)

基本助动词有三个:
do, have

be

情态助动词有十三个:
may, might; can, could;
will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to.
上述两类助动词的共同特征
是,在协助主动词构成限定动词词组时,具有作用词的功能:



1


构成否定式:



He didn't go and neither did she.


The meeting might not start until 5 o'clock.


2


构成疑问式或附加疑问式:



Must you leave right now?


You have been learning French for 5 years, haven't you?


3


构成修辞倒装:



Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister.


Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.


4


代替限定动词词组:



A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle?


B: Tom can.


A: Shall I write to him?


B: Yes, do.
can

could
的用法



1.
表示能力或客观可能性,还可以表示请求和允许。如:



Can you finish this work tonight?


Man cannot live without air.



Can I go now?

Yes, you can.


注意:①
could
也可表示请求,语气委婉,主要用于疑问句,不可用于肯定句,答语应用
c an
(即
could
不能用于现在时态的简略答语中)
。如:



Could I come to see you tomorrow?


Yes, you can.
(否定答语可用
No, I'm afraid not.





can
表示能力时,还可用
be able to
代替。如:



I'll not be able to come this afternoon.


2.
表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度。
(主要用在否定句、疑问句或惊叹句中)



Can this be true?


How can you be so careless!


This cannot be done by him.


3.

can(could) + have +
过去分词”的疑问或否定形式表示对过去发生的行为怀疑或不
肯定。如:



He cannot have been to that town.


Can he have got the book?


4.
用在疑问句及否定句中
,
表示惊讶
,
不相信等
.


5. cannot```tooenough
表示

无论怎样``````
也不过分


``````
越好

m ay

might
的用法



1.
表示许可。



表示请求、允许时,
might

may
的语气更委婉一些,否定回答时
(
口语中常用
) no , you
can't . or , yes, please

mustn't< br>表示“不可以”、“禁止”、“阻止”之意
(
具有强烈禁
止的意思
)< br>如:



You may drive the car.



Might I use your pen?

No, you mustn't.



May I ...
征询对方许可在文体上比较正式,
在口气上比较客气。
在日常口语中,< br>用
Can
I ...
征询对方意见在现代口语中更为常见。



2.
用于祈使句中表示祝愿。如:



May you succeed!


3.
表示推测、可能(疑问句不能用于此意)




He may be very busy now.


4.

may(might) + have +
过去分词”表示对过去发生的行为的推测。如:



He may not have finished the work.
must

have to
的用法



1.
表示必须、必要。

must
表示主观多一些而
have to
则表示客观多一些)如:



You must come in time.


回答
must
引出的问句时,
如果 是否定的回答,
不能用
mustn't

而要用
needn't
don't have
to





Must we hand in our exercise books today?



Yes, you must. (No, you don

t have to.)


2.

must be +
表语”的结构表示推测,它的否定或疑问式用
can
代替
must




This must be your pen.


3.

must + have +
过去分词”的结构常用在肯定句中,表示对过去发生的行为的推测。
它的否定或疑问式用
can
代替
must




He must have been to Shanghai.


4. have to
的含义与
must
相似,
两者往往可以互换使用,

have t o
有各种形式,

have
的变化而定。
must

have to
有下列几点不同:




must
表示的是说话人的主观看法,而
have to
则往往强调客观需要。如:



The play is not interesting. I really must go now.


I had to work when I was your age.



must
一般只表现在,
have
则有更多的时态形式。





二者的否定意义不大相同。如:



You mustn't go.
你可不要去。



You don't have to go.
你不必去。





询问对方的意愿时应用
must
。如:



Must I clean all the room?


注意:
have to
也可拼做
have got to


dare

need
的用法



1. need
表示“需要”或“必须”,作情态动词时,仅用于否定句或疑问句中,在肯定句
中一般 用
must, have to, ought to,

should
代替。如:



You needn

t come so early.



Need I finish the work today?



Yes, you must.


注意:
needn't +
不定式的完成式“表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事”。如:



You needn't have waited for me.


2. Dare
作情态动词时,主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中,一般不用在肯定句中。
如:



How dare you say I'm unfair.


He daren't speak English before such a crowd, dare he?


3.
Dare

need
常用作实义动词,有时态、人称和数的变化,所不同的是,作实 义动词
时,在肯定句中,
dare
后面通常接带
to
的不定式,在否 定和疑问句中,
dare
后面可接带
to
或不带
to
的不定 式。如:



I dare to swim across this river.


He does not dare (to) answer.


Don't you dare (to) touch it!


I wondered he dare (to) say that.


He needs to finish it this evening.
shall

should
的用法



1. Shall
用于第一人称,表示征求对方的意愿。如:



What shall we do this evening?


2. Shall
用于第一、第三人称疑问句中,表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。如:



Shall we begin our lesson?


When shall he be able to leave the hospital?


3. Shall
用于第二、第三人称,表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。如:



You shall fail if you don't work harder.
(警告)



He shall have the book when I finish reading.
(允诺)



He shall be punished.
(威胁)



4. Should
表示劝告、建议、命令,其同义词是
ought to
;在疑问句中,通常用
should


ought to
。如:



You should go to class right away.


Should I open the window?


Should
的含义较多,用法较活,现介绍三种其特殊用法。请看下面的句子:




I should think it would be better to try it again.
我倒是认为最好再试一试。




You are mistaken, I should say.
依我看,你是搞错了。




I should advise you not to do that.
我倒是劝你别这样做。




This is something I should have liked to ask you.
这是我本来想问你的。



从以上例句可以看出:情态动词
should
用于第一人称时可以表示说话人的一种谦逊、客
气、委婉的语气。



Should
还可以用在
if
引导的条件从句,表示一件事听起来可能性很小,但也不是完全没
有可能。相当于“万一” 的意思。从句谓语由
should
加动词原形构成,主句谓语却不一定
用虚拟语气。如 :




Ask her to ring me up if you should see her.
你万一见到她,请让她给我打个电话。




If you should change your mind, please let us know.
万一你改变主意,请通知我们。




Should I (If I should) be free tomorrow I will come.
万一我明天有时间,我就来。



此外,
Why(or How) + should
结构表示说话人对某事 不能理解,感到意外、惊异等意思。
意为“竟会”。如:




Why should you be so late today?
你几天怎么来得这么晚?






Where is Betty living?


贝蒂住在哪里?




How should I know?


我怎么会知道呢?




I don't know why you should think that I did it.
我真不知道你凭什么认为这件事是我干
的。



5.

should + have +
过去分词”结构一般表示义务,表示应该做到而 实际上没有做到,
并包含一种埋怨、责备的口气。如:

She should have finished it.


I should have helped her, but I never could.


You should have started earlier.
will

would
的用法



1.
表示请求、建议等,
would

will
委婉客气。如:



Would you pass me the book?


2.
表示意志、愿望和决心。如:



I will never do that again.


They asked if we would do that again.


The door won't open


3.
用“
will be
”和“
will(would) + have +
过去分词”的结构表示推测 ,主要用于第二、
三人称。前者表示对目前情况的推测,后者表示对已经完成的动作或事态的推测。如:



This will be the book you want.


He will have arrived by now.


The guests would have arrived by that time.


I thought you would have finished this by now.


4. Would
可表 示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。
Would
表过去习惯时比
used to
正式,
并没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。如:



The wound would not heal.

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