分析情态动词和助动词的区别
余年寄山水
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2021年01月30日 13:51
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-
情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义
,
但要与普通动词一起使用,
给谓语动词增添情态色彩,
表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法,认为其可能、应该或必 要等。
情态动词后面加动词原形。
分类:
情态动词有四类:
①只做情态动词:
must,can(could),may(might),ought to
②可做情态动词又可做实义动词:
need,dare
③可做情态动词又可做助动词:
shall(should),will(would)
④具有情态动词特征:
have(had) to,used to
位置
:
情态动词在句中放在谓语动词之前
,
谓语动词前若有助动词
,
则在助动词之前
,
疑问句中
,
情态动词则在主语之前。
I can see you. Come here.
我能看见你,过来吧。
He must have been away.
他一定走了。
What can I do for you?
我能帮你吗?
How dare you treat us like that
!
你怎能那样对待我们!
特点
:
情态动词无人称和数的变化
,
情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形
,
否定式构成是在情态动词
后面加
。
个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式
,
过去式用来表达更加客气
,
委婉
的语气
,
时态性不强
,
可用于过去,
现在或将来。
情态动词属非及物动词,
故没有被动语态。
He could be here soon.
他很快就来。
We can't carry the heavy box.
我们搬不动那箱子。
I'm sorry I can't help you.
对不起,我帮不上你。
< br>基本助动词与情态助动词最主要的区别之一是,
基本助动词本身没有词义,
而情态助动词
则有自己的词义,能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法,或表示主观设想:
What have you been doing since?
(构成完成进行体,本身无词义)
I am afraid I must be going.
(一定要)
You may have read some account of the matter.
(或许已经)
除此之外,情态助动词还有如下词法和句法特征:
1
)
除
ought
和
used
以外,< br>其他情态动词后面只能接不带
to
的不定式。
如果我们把
ought
to
和
used
to
看做是固定词组的话,那么,所有情态动词无 一例外地只能接不带
to
的不定
式:
We used to grow beautiful roses.
I asked if he would come and repair my television set.
2
)
情态助动词在限定动词词组总是位居第一:
They need not have been punished so severely.
3
)
情态助动词用于第三人称单数现在时的时候,没有词形变化,即其词尾 无
-s
形式:
She dare not say what she thinks.
4
)
情态动词没有非限定形式,即没有不定式和分词形式,也没有相应的动名词:
Still, she needn't have run away.
5
)
情态助动词的“时”的形式并不是时间区别的主要标志。在 不少场合,情态助动词
的现在时和过去时形式都可以表示现在、过去或将来时间:
Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something?
She told him he ought not to have done it.
6
)
情态助动词之间是相互排斥的,即在一个限定动词词组中只能出现一个情态助动词,
但有时却可以与have
和
be
基本助动词连用:
You should have washed the wound.
Well, you shouldn't be reading a novel.
用法
首先它是动词,
而且不同于行为动词,
行为动词表示的是可以通过行为来表达的动作
(如
写,读,跑)
,而情态动词只是表达 的一种想法(如能,也许,敢)
。
用法是:情态动词
+
行为动词原形
例句:
I can read this sentence in English.
我能用英语读这句话。
情态动词是一种 本身有一定的词义
,
表示说话人的情绪
,
态度或语气的动词
,
但不能单独作
谓语
,
只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。
We can be there on time tomorrow.
我们明天能按时去那儿。
May I have your name?
我能知道你的名字吗?
Shall we begin now?
我们现在就开始吗?
You must obey the school rules.
你必须遵守校规。
情态动词数量不多
,
但用途广泛
,
主要有下列
:
can
(could),
may
(might),
must,
need,
ought
to,
dare
(dared),
shall
(should),
will
(would),have (to) ,had better.
助
动
词
(auxiliary)
主
要
有
两
类
:
基
本
助
动
词
(primary
auxiliary)
和
情
态
助
动
词
(modal
auxiliary)
。
基本助动词有三个:
do, have
和
be
;
情态助动词有十三个:
may, might; can, could;
will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to.
上述两类助动词的共同特征
是,在协助主动词构成限定动词词组时,具有作用词的功能:
1
)
构成否定式:
He didn't go and neither did she.
The meeting might not start until 5 o'clock.
2
)
构成疑问式或附加疑问式:
Must you leave right now?
You have been learning French for 5 years, haven't you?
3
)
构成修辞倒装:
Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister.
Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.
4
)
代替限定动词词组:
A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle?
B: Tom can.
A: Shall I write to him?
B: Yes, do.
can
和
could
的用法
1.
表示能力或客观可能性,还可以表示请求和允许。如:
Can you finish this work tonight?
Man cannot live without air.
—
Can I go now?
—
Yes, you can.
注意:①
could
也可表示请求,语气委婉,主要用于疑问句,不可用于肯定句,答语应用
c an
(即
could
不能用于现在时态的简略答语中)
。如:
Could I come to see you tomorrow?
Yes, you can.
(否定答语可用
No, I'm afraid not.
)
②
can
表示能力时,还可用
be able to
代替。如:
I'll not be able to come this afternoon.
2.
表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度。
(主要用在否定句、疑问句或惊叹句中)
Can this be true?
How can you be so careless!
This cannot be done by him.
3.
“
can(could) + have +
过去分词”的疑问或否定形式表示对过去发生的行为怀疑或不
肯定。如:
He cannot have been to that town.
Can he have got the book?
4.
用在疑问句及否定句中
,
表示惊讶
,
不相信等
.
5. cannot```tooenough
表示
无论怎样``````
也不过分
越
``````
越好
m ay
和
might
的用法
1.
表示许可。
表示请求、允许时,
might
比
may
的语气更委婉一些,否定回答时
(
口语中常用
) no , you
can't . or , yes, please
用
mustn't< br>表示“不可以”、“禁止”、“阻止”之意
(
具有强烈禁
止的意思
)< br>如:
You may drive the car.
—
Might I use your pen?
—
No, you mustn't.
用
May I ...
征询对方许可在文体上比较正式,
在口气上比较客气。
在日常口语中,< br>用
Can
I ...
征询对方意见在现代口语中更为常见。
2.
用于祈使句中表示祝愿。如:
May you succeed!
3.
表示推测、可能(疑问句不能用于此意)
。
He may be very busy now.
4.
“
may(might) + have +
过去分词”表示对过去发生的行为的推测。如:
He may not have finished the work.
must
和
have to
的用法
1.
表示必须、必要。
(
must
表示主观多一些而
have to
则表示客观多一些)如:
You must come in time.
回答
must
引出的问句时,
如果 是否定的回答,
不能用
mustn't
,
而要用
needn't或
don't have
to
。
—
Must we hand in our exercise books today?
—
Yes, you must. (No, you don
’
t have to.)
2.
“
must be +
表语”的结构表示推测,它的否定或疑问式用
can
代替
must
。
This must be your pen.
3.
“
must + have +
过去分词”的结构常用在肯定句中,表示对过去发生的行为的推测。
它的否定或疑问式用
can
代替
must
。
He must have been to Shanghai.
4. have to
的含义与
must
相似,
两者往往可以互换使用,
但
have t o
有各种形式,
随
have
的变化而定。
must
与
have to
有下列几点不同:
①
must
表示的是说话人的主观看法,而
have to
则往往强调客观需要。如:
The play is not interesting. I really must go now.
I had to work when I was your age.
②
must
一般只表现在,
have
则有更多的时态形式。
③
二者的否定意义不大相同。如:
You mustn't go.
你可不要去。
You don't have to go.
你不必去。
④
询问对方的意愿时应用
must
。如:
Must I clean all the room?
注意:
have to
也可拼做
have got to
。
dare
和
need
的用法
1. need
表示“需要”或“必须”,作情态动词时,仅用于否定句或疑问句中,在肯定句
中一般 用
must, have to, ought to,
或
should
代替。如:
You needn
’
t come so early.
—
Need I finish the work today?
—
Yes, you must.
注意:
needn't +
不定式的完成式“表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事”。如:
You needn't have waited for me.
2. Dare
作情态动词时,主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中,一般不用在肯定句中。
如:
How dare you say I'm unfair.
He daren't speak English before such a crowd, dare he?
3.
Dare
和
need
常用作实义动词,有时态、人称和数的变化,所不同的是,作实 义动词
时,在肯定句中,
dare
后面通常接带
to
的不定式,在否 定和疑问句中,
dare
后面可接带
to
或不带
to
的不定 式。如:
I dare to swim across this river.
He does not dare (to) answer.
Don't you dare (to) touch it!
I wondered he dare (to) say that.
He needs to finish it this evening.
shall
和
should
的用法
1. Shall
用于第一人称,表示征求对方的意愿。如:
What shall we do this evening?
2. Shall
用于第一、第三人称疑问句中,表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。如:
Shall we begin our lesson?
When shall he be able to leave the hospital?
3. Shall
用于第二、第三人称,表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。如:
You shall fail if you don't work harder.
(警告)
He shall have the book when I finish reading.
(允诺)
He shall be punished.
(威胁)
4. Should
表示劝告、建议、命令,其同义词是
ought to
;在疑问句中,通常用
should
代
替
ought to
。如:
You should go to class right away.
Should I open the window?
Should
的含义较多,用法较活,现介绍三种其特殊用法。请看下面的句子:
①
I should think it would be better to try it again.
我倒是认为最好再试一试。
②
You are mistaken, I should say.
依我看,你是搞错了。
③
I should advise you not to do that.
我倒是劝你别这样做。
④
This is something I should have liked to ask you.
这是我本来想问你的。
从以上例句可以看出:情态动词
should
用于第一人称时可以表示说话人的一种谦逊、客
气、委婉的语气。
Should
还可以用在
if
引导的条件从句,表示一件事听起来可能性很小,但也不是完全没
有可能。相当于“万一” 的意思。从句谓语由
should
加动词原形构成,主句谓语却不一定
用虚拟语气。如 :
⑤
Ask her to ring me up if you should see her.
你万一见到她,请让她给我打个电话。
⑥
If you should change your mind, please let us know.
万一你改变主意,请通知我们。
⑦
Should I (If I should) be free tomorrow I will come.
万一我明天有时间,我就来。
此外,
Why(or How) + should
结构表示说话人对某事 不能理解,感到意外、惊异等意思。
意为“竟会”。如:
⑧
Why should you be so late today?
你几天怎么来得这么晚?
⑨
—
Where is Betty living?
—
贝蒂住在哪里?
—
How should I know?
—
我怎么会知道呢?
⑩
I don't know why you should think that I did it.
我真不知道你凭什么认为这件事是我干
的。
5.
“
should + have +
过去分词”结构一般表示义务,表示应该做到而 实际上没有做到,
并包含一种埋怨、责备的口气。如:
She should have finished it.
I should have helped her, but I never could.
You should have started earlier.
will
和
would
的用法
1.
表示请求、建议等,
would
比
will
委婉客气。如:
Would you pass me the book?
2.
表示意志、愿望和决心。如:
I will never do that again.
They asked if we would do that again.
The door won't open
3.
用“
will be
”和“
will(would) + have +
过去分词”的结构表示推测 ,主要用于第二、
三人称。前者表示对目前情况的推测,后者表示对已经完成的动作或事态的推测。如:
This will be the book you want.
He will have arrived by now.
The guests would have arrived by that time.
I thought you would have finished this by now.
4. Would
可表 示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。
Would
表过去习惯时比
used to
正式,
并没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。如:
The wound would not heal.