英语语法总结大全(最终版)
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英语语法总结大全（最终版）
名词和主谓一致
一、
名词的分类
英语中名词主要可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。
1
．可数名词
可数名词一般都有单复数。单数时，名词前可加不定冠词< br>a/an
；复数时，
前面可加数词，名词本身要改成复数形式。
可数名词的复数有规则和不规则两种变化。
规则的名词，只要在单数名词
之后加
“s”
，
“es”
或去
“y”< br>加
“ies”
就行，
如：
an umbrella, twelve umbrellas
；
a factory,
three factories
。不规则的名词变化则要靠积累记忆，如：
a mouse, ten mice
；
a
policeman, six policemen
。
有少数可数名词 ，如
sheep
，
works
（工厂）
，
Chinese< br>等，它们的单复数同
形：
a sheep, four sheep
；
a chemical works, five chemical works
。
此外，
还有一些 可数名词只有复数形式，
如
clothes
，
trousers
，< br>cattle
，
police
，
people(
人，人民)
等。
英语名词中还有一些合成词 ，它们的复数形式有三种可能：
1
）后面的部
分变成复数形式：
grown- ups
，
boy
students
，
grandchildren
。
2
）前面的部分变
成复数形式：
passers- by
，
lookers-on
，
sons-in- law
。
3
）前、后都变成复数形式：
men doctors
，
women drivers
。
2
．不可数名词
不可数名词没 有单复数的变化，前面也不能加
a/an
，或数词。但是我们可
以用量词来表示不可数 名词的数量，
单复数表现在量词上，
如：
a piece of paper
；
two pieces of paper
。
在有些情况下，
不可数名词也可用
a/an
，
表
“
一种
”
、
“
某种
”
的意思 ，
如
have
a wonderful time
，
receive a good education
，
be made into a fine paper
。
有时为了表示量大，
不可数名词的后面也可加
“s”
，
如
sands
，
ashes
，
waters
等。
但是我们在学习不可数名词的时候，
特别要记住英 语中有一些名词，
它们
无论在什么情况下，前面都不能用
a/an
，后面也不 可加
“s”
，如
weather
，
information
，等。
3
．有的名词既可是可数名词，也可是不可数名词
英语中有相当一部分的名词，
既可以是可数，
也可以 是不可数，
它们的意
义有时略有不同，有时则完全不同。如：
difficulty, success, time, work
，
paper
，
glass
，等。
4< br>．用于表示可数与不可数名词的数量
“
多
”“
少
”
的 常用词和词组
跟可数名词连用的如：
few, a few, many
。
跟不可数名词连用的如：
little, a little, much
。
- 1 -
可数与不可数都能用的是：
a lot of , plenty of
。
二、主谓一致
1
．通常被看作单数的主语部分
1
）不定式、动名词和主语从句。
eg.. To see is to believe.
Seeing is believing.
What he said was different from what he did. < br>2
）表示
“
时间
”“
距离
”“
金钱数量”
的名词。
eg. Twenty years is quite a long time.
10 kilometers doesn’t seem to be a long dista
nce to Mira.
300 dollars is too much for this old coin.
3
）数学式子。
eg. Two plus five is seven.
4
）书报杂志、国家、单位的名字。
eg. The Times is published daily.
The United States is a big country.
5
）前面用
a kind of, a sort of
或
this kind of, this sort of
等词组的名词。
eg. This kind of tree(s) often grows well in warm weather.
6
）代词
either, neither
作主语。
eg. Either of the plans is good.
Neither of them was carrying a weapon.
7
）
many a/ more than one
加单数名词，或
one out of
加复数名词作主语。
eg. Many a young man has tried and failed.
More than one employee has been dismissed.
One out of ten thousand computers was infected with the virus.
2
．通常被看作复数的主语部分
1
）一些只有复数的名词如
clothes, trousers, police
等。
eg. These trousers are dirty.
但要注意比较：
A new pair of trousers is what you need
。
2
）代词
both
作主语。
eg. Both of them have received high education.
3
．需要进行分析才能确定的主语部分
1
）代词
all, some,
作主语。
所代的名词是可数名词，就看作复数；是不可数名词，就看作单数。
eg. All is ready. (= Everything is ready.)
All are present. (= All the people/students... are present.)
2
）
a lot of, lots of, plenty of, some, any, 20% of, half of...
等词组作主语。
所修饰的名词是可数名词，就看作复数；是不可数名词，就看作单数。
eg. 70% of the surface of the earth is covered with water.
- 2 -
90% of the graduates from the high school go to university.
3
）关系代词
who, which, that
作主语。
由先行词决定单、复数。
eg. The student who is talking with the principal is Tom.
The students who have chosen physics will have a test tomorrow.
但要注意
one of ...
与
only one of...
所修饰的先行词。
eg. He is one of the students in our class who have been to Beijing.
He is the only one of the students who has been to London.
4
）一些表示集体意义的名词如
family, team, class
等。
当这些名词强调的是一个整体时，
看 作单数；
当它们强调的是这个集体中的
成员时，看作复数。
eg.
Happy
families
are
all
alike;
every
unhappy
family
is
unhappy
in
its
own
way.
My family are all early risers.
4
．出现在句首，用连词或介词连接的两个名词或词组
1
）用
both...and...
连接的两个名词看作复数。
Both Kate and Jean are football players.
2
）
用
or, either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but also...
连接的两个名词，
由靠近
动词的名词决定单复数。
Either you or I am to go.
Not only the students but also the teacher has to observe the rules.
3
）
用
as well as, (together) with, like, besides, but, except
等连接的两个名词，由
第一个名词决定单复数。
eg. His eyebrows as well as his hair are now white.
No one but these two peasants has been there.
实际上这些都是介词短语提前，不是并列的主语。
4
）用
and
连接的两个名词有几种情况：
a)
看作复数。
eg. Tom and Mary are primary pupils.
b)
在有
every ... and every ..., each ... and each ...
的时候；或用
and
连接的两
个名词表示的是一件东西或 一个人时，看作单数。
eg. Every boy and every girl in our country has the right to go to school.
Bread and butter is what he eats for breakfast every day.
高考真题试析：
01
年
23
题
As a result of destroying the forests, a large ____ of desert ____ covered the land.
A. number; has
B. quantity; has
C. number; have D. quantity; have
选
B
。
因为第一格后的名 词
desert
是不可数名词，
所以
A
、
C
两项排 除；
又
desert
做主语，谓语要用单数形式。
- 3 -
02
年（春）
26
题
He is the only one of the students who ____ a winner of scholarship for three years.
A. is
B. are
C. have been
D
. has been
选
D
。
因为定语从句的先行词是由
only one of
修饰，
所以应看成单数；
另外后
面有时间状语
for three years
，所以用现在完成时态。
03
年
28
题
The
young
dancers
looked
so
charming
in
their
beautiful
clothes
that
we
took
____ pictures of them.
A. many of
B. masses of C. the number of D. a large amount of
选
B
。
空格 后面的名词是复数，所以不可以选
D
，而
many
后不跟
of
用，所
以
A
项排除；
the
number
of
的确是放在可数名词复数的前面，但意思是
“......
的数量
”
，不符 合题意。
03
年（春）
28
题
Where and when to go for the on-salary holiday ____ yet.
A. are not decided
B. have not been decided
C. is not being decided
D. has not been decided
选
D
。此句是不定式做主语，看成单数。而
C
项的时态不对，所以只有D
。
04
年（春）
30.
题
No one in the department but Tom and I ____ that the director is going to resign.
A. knows
B. know
C. have known
D. am to know
选
A
。谓语动词应该跟
no one
一致，所以选
A
。
05
年（春）
28
题
We have only a sofa, a table and a bed in our new apartment. We need to buy ____
more furniture.
A. any
B. many
C. little
D. some < br>选
D
。后面的名词是
furniture
，不可数。而且整句的意思是
“
要买些家具
”,
是肯
定意义，所以选
D
。
05
年（春）
42
题
Tel
ephone messages for the manager ____ on her desk but she didn’t notice them.
A. were left
B. was left
C. was leaving
D. were leaving
选
A
。句子的主语是
messages
，是复数， 另外它与动词
“
留（在桌上）
”
的关系
是被动。
05
年
31
题
Professor
Smith,
along
with
his
assistants,
____
on
the
project
day
and
night
to
meet the deadline.
A. work
B. working
C. is working
D. are working
选
C
。谓语的单复数跟
Professor Smith
一致，应该是单数。
动词的时态与语态
一、动词的时态
- 4 -
英语的动词 可以有十六种变化，
但现在常用的是十二种，
其中有九种是高中
学生必须掌握的，还有 三种只要理解。现以动词
do
为例，十二种时态的形式
列表如下：
一般
进行
完成
完成进行
现在
do/does
is/am/are doing
have/has done
have/has
been
doing
过去
did
was/were doing
had done
*had been doing
将来
shall/will
*shall/will
be
*shall/will
have
do
doing
done
过
去
将
would do
来
（打星号的为理解项目）
1
．一般现在时态
A)
意义：现阶段经常反复发生的动作或现在的状态。
eg. He gets up at six every morning.
There is a big tree in the back yard.
B)
常用的时间状语：
always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, never,
every day,
once a week,
等。
C)
表示一种真理、自然规律等，在间接引语中也仍然用一般现在时态。
eg. The scientist explained that the earth goes round the sun, but no one believed
him then.
D)
在时间、条件等状语从句中，代替将来时。
eg. If he is not busy, he will come to the party tomorrow.
E)
注意第三人称单数时，动词后面要加
“s”
。
2
．
一般过去时态
A)
意义：过去 的动作或状态。注意，即使是刚刚发生的事情，时间非常短，
也要用过去时态。如：
Why! It’s you—Mary! I didn’t know you were here!
B)
常用的时间状语：
yesterday, last week, 3 years ago, just now,
等。
C)
动词过去式的规则变化（加
ed
）和不规则变化。
3
．一般将来时态
A)
意义：将来要发生的动作或状态。
B)
常用的时间状语：
tomorrow, next moth, in two weeks,
等。
C)
除了用
shall/will
之外的将来表达法：
a) is/am/are going to do
，意为
“
打算、准备、马上就要
”
。
eg. It’s going to rain.
b)
is/am/are to do
，意为
“
（计划好
/
安排好）要
......”
eg. The new underground railway is
to be opened to traffic
next year.
c)
is/am/are about to do
，意为
“
马上就要
”
。
eg. Hurry up! The plane is about to take off.
- 5 -
d)
某些动词
（主要是一些 表示位置移动的动词）
可用
一般现在时态或现在进
行时态表示将来的动作。
eg. The train leaves for Beijing at 8:30 this evening.
He is going to London next week.
4
．现在进行时态
A)
意义：表示在说话的同时或最近一个阶段正在发生的动作。
B)
常用的时间状语：
now, these days, at present, at the moment,
等。
C)
有时可以和
always, constantly, forever
等时间状语连用，
表示说话人的某中
特殊的感情。
eg. He is always thinking of others.
Mrs Smith is
constantly
quarrelling with her neighbours.
D)
有些瞬间动词可以用进行时态表示
“
马上就要
......”
eg. The old man is dying.
E)
英语中有些表示状态、感觉、心理活动的动词没有进行时态，如
know,
understand, believe, like, love, see, hear, seem,
等等。
5
．过去进行时态
A)
意义：表示过去某个时刻正在做的动作。
B)
常用的时间状语：
this time yesterday, at 9:00 last night,
等。
C)
有些动词（主要是一些表示 位置移动等的动词和瞬间动词）的过去进行时
态可以表示过去将来的意义。
eg. I was told that she was leaving for Australia the next morning.
*6
．将来进行时态
A)
意义：表示将来某个时刻正在发生的动作。
B)
常用的时间状语：
this time tomorrow, at 9:00 next Sunday morning,
等。
eg. What will you be doing at 9:00 on June 7next year?
7
．现在完成时态
A)
意义：
a.
表示过去某个时刻开始，一直持续到现在的动作或状态。< br>（只有部
分延续性动词，如
live, work, study,
等可以表示这一意义）
eg. I have lived in Shanghai since I was born.
He has been married for half a year.
b.
表示过去做过的某一个动作对现在的影响。
eg. I have seen this film. It’s fantastic!
Jack is playing video games, because he has done his homework.
B)
常用的时间状语：
a. since 1990, for 9 years,
等。
b. already, yet, just, now,
this week
,
never
,
ever
,
so far
,
up
till now
,
lately
,
in the past
/
last few years
,
等。
C)b
组所表示的现在完成时态与过去时态的区别：虽然现在完成时态
b< br>组表
示的动作也是发生在过去，
但它强调的是与现在的关系，
而过去时态只表示 过
去发生的动作，叙述一个事实。试比较：
- 6 -
eg. 1) He went to Beijing two days ago.
He has gone to Beijing.
2) Henry lost his mobile phone yesterday, but found it later.
Henry has lost his mobile phone again.
D)< br>瞬间动词要表示
“
一直到现在
”
，不能直接用
“
完成 时态加
for”
的方式，
必须
用其他句型。
eg.
他离开上海已经三天了。
He has left Shanghai. He left three days ago.
He has been away from Shanghai for three days.
It is three days since he left Shanghai.
8
．过去完成时态
A)
意义：< br>表示过去某个时刻之前所做的动作，
即
“
过去的过去
”
。所以一般要用
过去完成时态的话，
句子中或上下文一定有一个过去时态的动作或时间状语做
比较，才能用。
eg. He had learned English before he went to Canada.
B)
常用的时间状语：
by the end of last year
等。
C)
在用间接引语时，主句的动词是过去时态，用来替换直 接引语中的过去时
态或现在完成时态。
eg. He a
sked the girl, “Where have you been?”
→ He asked the girl where she had been.
He said, “I cleaned the classroom yesterday.”
→ He said that he had cleaned the room the day before.
D)
有些动词（如
hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose
等）的过去完
成时态可表示过去事实上没有实现的希望、计划等。
eg. I had hoped to attend the party, but I was too busy.
*9
．将来完成时态
A)
意义：表示在将来某个时刻之前将会完成的动作。
B)
常用的时间状语：
by the end of next year
等。
eg.
You
will
have
studied
English
for
10
years
by
the
time
you
finish
high
school.
10
．现在完成进行时态
A)
意义：表示一个动作从过 去开始，一直持续到现在。
（同现在完成时态的
第一种意义）
B)
常用时间状语：
since ..., for ..., so far, up till now
等。
C)
现在完成进行时态与现在完成时态的比较：
< br>只有现在完成时态的第一种意义的那些动词，它们的现在完成与现在完成
进行两种时态表示的意义 相同，可以互换使用。
eg. I have studied here for 3 years.
= I have been studying here for 3 years.
而其他的一些动词，使用两种时态，意义就各不相同了。
- 7 -
试比较：
The little boy has read the text.
（小男孩已经读过课文了。
）
The little boy has been reading the text.
（小男孩一直在读课文。
）
试翻译：
1
）从上午九点开始我就一直在做功课。
I have been doing my homework since 9 in the morning.
2
）今天的功课我已经做好了。
I have done today’s homework.
*11
．过去完成进行时态
意义：表示从过去某一时间开始的动作一直持续 了一段时间再结束。
（结束的
时间点也在过去）
eg. He had been searching for the watch for a half hour when we came back.
12
．过去将来时态
意义：表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或状态，一般多用在间接引语
中。
eg. He told me that he would read the book a second time.
二、动词的语态
英语中的动词可分为及物动词和不及物动词，
以及系动词。
及物动词有主动
语 态和被动语态；不及物动词或动词词组（如
happen, belong to, take place
等）
和系动词（如
become, seem, sound, look, taste,
等）没有被动语态。
1
．以动词
do
为例，被动语态的各种时态的表达方式如下表：
一般
进行
完成
现在
is/am/are done
is/am/are being done
have/has
been
done
过去
was/were done
was/were being done
had been done
将来
shall/will
be
shall/will be done
done
过
去
将
would be done
来
各种时态在助动词
be
上表示，动作由过去分词体现。
2
．注意在动词词组变被动的时候，原来词组中的
介词或副词不要漏掉
。
eg. The villagers took good care of the wounded soldier.
→ The soldier was taken good care of by the villagers.
3
．有些动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词，这些动词比较少用被动语态。
eg. We begin our class at 8:00 every morning. → ? Our class is begun ... ?
Our class begins at 8:00 every morning.
4
．有少数动词或动词词组可用主动形式，表示（从中文里我 们所感觉的）被
动意义。
eg.
The book sells poorly.
His translation reads better than yours.
Who is to blame for the accident?
- 8 -
高考真题试析：
02
年
23
题
He
will
have
learned
English
for
eight
years
by
the
time
he
____
from
the
university next year.
A. will graduate
B. will have graduated
C. graduates
B. is to graduate
选
C
。虽然句子的时间状语是
next year
，但是
“
他从大学毕业
”
是以
by the time
引出的状语从句，在状语从句中，用现在时态代替将来时态。
02
年
24
题
I feel it is your husband who ____ for the spoiled child.
A. is to blame
B. is going to blame
C. is to be blamed
D. should blame
选
A
。
因为词组
be to blame for
这一词组 用主动形式来表示中文中
“
该为某事受
到责备
”
的被动意义。
02
年
29
题
“Will you go skiing with me this winter vacation?”
“It ____.”
A. all depend
B. all depends
C. is all depended
D. is all depending
选
B
。
It all depends.
是习 惯说法，意思为
“
要看情况而定了
”
，不用将来时态，
也不用被动语 态。
03
年
32.
题
I thought Jim would say something about his school report, but he ____ it.
A. doesn’t mention
B
. hadn’t mentioned
C. didn’t mention
D.
hasn’t
mentioned
选
C
。从前面一句
I though
可以看出是过去时态，用
but
连接的两个并列句中
的动作是发生在同一时间，所以后面的动词也应该是过去时态。< br>
04
年
29
题
The
first
use
of
atomic
weapons
was
in
1945,
and
their
power
____
increased
enormously ever since.
A. is
B. was
C. has been
D. had been
选
C
。
因为句子的时间状语是
ever since
，意即
“
自从那时起
”
（
“
那时
”
指前 面讲
到的
1945
年）
，所以是现在完成时态。
04
年
30
题
The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people ____ to
eat more fruit and vegetables.
A. persuade
B. will persuade
C. be persuaded
D. are persuaded
选
D
。因为
“
人们
”
和
“
说服< br>”
是动宾关系，所以用被动语态。
05
年
30
题
More than a dozen students in that school ____ abroad to study medicine last year.
A. sent
B. were sent C had sent
D. had been sent
选
B
。因为学生是被送到国外学医的，所以要用被动语态，而句末
时间状语
- 9 -
表明要用过去时态。
06
年
27
题
Send my regards to your lovely wife when you ____ home.
A. wrote
B. will write C. have written
D. write
选
D
。这是祈使句中的状语从句的动词，所以用一般现在时态代替将来时态。
06
年
32
题
When
he
turned
professional
at
the
age
of
11,
Mike
____
to
become
a
world
champion by his coach and parents.
A. expected
B. was expecting C. was expected
D. would be expected
选
C
。根据整个句子的意思，可以判断，
是他的教练和父母期盼马克成为世界
冠军，所以用被动语态，时间在他
7
岁的时候，显然是过去时态。
07
年
28.
题
“Did you tidy your room?”
“No, I was going to tidy my room but I ____ visitors.”
A. had
B. have
C. have had
D. will have
选
A
。
根据前面的疑问句，
可判断谈论的是过去的事情，
而且回答的前 半句也
说明了时态：
“
我正要打扫屋子，但我有客人来访了
”
是过去 时态。
07
年
30
题
With the help of high technology, more and more new substances ____ in the past
years.
A. discovered
B. have discovered
C. had been discovered
D. have been discovered
选
D
。
全句的时间状语是
in the past years
，
是典型的现在完成时态的时间状语，
而且
“
发现
”
与
“
新的物质材料
”
是动宾关系。
情态动词
一、
can, may, must
根据意思与习惯用法，我们可以把
can, may, must
分成以下两组用法，方
便学习与掌握。
1
．第一组用法见下表（主要在初中的时候我们所掌握的）
：
词义
肯定
否定
疑问
过去式
can
能、会
can
can’t
Can...?
could
may
可以
may
mustn’t/may not
May...?
might
must
必须
must
needn’t
Must...?
must/had to
A) can
a) can
的肯定、否定、疑问及过去式的例句：
eg. Computers can do a lot of things for us.
Money cannot buy everything.
Can you speak French?
I could run very fast when I was young.
- 10 -
b) can
与
be able to
can
与
be able to
的意思相近，经常可以互换使用，但是
be able to
除了有一般
现在与过去时态之外，
还有将来、
完成等时态，
所以要表示将来能够或已经能
够做什么事，就要用
be able to
。
eg. You will be able to
communicate
with
foreigners fluently if
you finish
the
course.
The baby has been able to one or two simple sentences.
在用过去式的时候，
could
与
was able to
的意思不同，
could
表示的是
“
当
时能 够做某事
”
的意思，而
was/were
able
to
表示的是
“
当时能够，并且成功地
做到了
”
的意思。
试比较：
Einstein was able to flee Germany when Hitler came into power.
I could pass the examination, but I was too careless.
c) could
在疑问句时用意表示请求，
意义同
can
，
是一种比较客气的表达方式。
eg. Could you give me a hand?
B) may
a) may
的肯定、否定、疑问及过去式的例句：
eg. You may choose anyone here you like.
—
May I leave now?
—
Yes, of course/Sure. Go ahead.
—No,
you
mustn’t.
（
注
：
口
语
中
也
能
用
cannot
。
）
I was told that the boss might come to the office before 9
b)mustn’t
与
may not.
mustn’t
一般是说话人表示“
不可以
”
或
“
禁止
”
，
而
may not
一般是指按规定
“
不允许
”
的意思。
试比较 ：
You mustn’t leave the bike here.
The sign on the wall reads, “Visitors may not feed the animals in the zoo.”
c) may
可放在句首，表示
“
祝愿
”
。
eg.
May our friendship last forever.
d) might
有时用在疑问句中，只是一种比
may
更客气一点，而非过去式。
eg. Might I
have a few words with you
, sir?
C) must
a) must
的肯定、否定、疑问及过去式的例句：
eg. Everyone must obey the rules.
—
Must I finish the work today?
—
Yes, you must.
—No, you needn’t/don’t have to.
He told me he must/had to see a doctor tomorrow morning.
b) must
与
have to
用
must
更强调主观上
“
必须
”< br>，而
have to
更强调客观上的
“
不得不
”
。
- 11 -
在间接引语中，主句动词是过去式时，用
had to
多，但
must
也可以用。
have to
有现在、过去和将来三种时态。
c)
must
有时可以表示
“
偏偏
”“
非
...
不可
”
的意思。
eg. Why must you make such a mess when the visitors are coming?
2
．第二组用法见下表：
词义
肯定
否定
疑问
过去式
进行式
can
可
能
/
一
/
cannot
Can...?
can’t
have
can’t be doing
定
done
may
可能
may
may
/
may
have
may be doing
not
dong
must
一定
must
/
/
must
have
must be doing
done
a) can, may, must
的第二种用法，是用来表示说话人的 一种推测。其中
may
与
must
的区别其实是说话人对可能性大小所做判断 的区别，觉得可能性大，就
用
must
，可能性小，就用
may
。而
can
与
may, must
是肯定、否定、疑问分工
的不同。
现在时举例：
—
Can Tom be in the classroom?
—
Yes, he must be there.
或
—Yes, he may be there, but I’m not quite sure.
或
—No, he can’t be there, because he hasn’t come to school today.
过去时举例：
I must have been asleep. I didn’t hear your footsteps.
David
became
angry
at
the
meeting.
He
may
have
misunderstood
what
I
meant.
James can’t have forgotten the examination yesterday. There must have been
something wrong with him, I believe.
b)
表示可能性的否定句中有时也可用
may
，
但意思与
canno t
有所不同。
may not
一般解释为
“
可能不
”
，而
cannot
解释为
“
不可能
”
c)
表示可能性，也可以用
might
和
could
，但并非may
和
can
的过去式，而是
表示说话人觉得可能性实在是比较小了， 有虚拟的意味。跟
may
与
can
一样，
might
用在肯 定句，
could
用在否定句和疑问句。
might do
的过去式是
might have
done
，
could
的过去式是
could have done
。
eg.
—
Could it be Susan at the door?
—
Yes, it might be her.
（现在口语中也可
用
could be
回答）
*d) could have done
也可以用 在肯定句里，
表示过去有这种可能，
但事实上没
有发生（虚拟语气的用法）
。
eg. It was dangerous to do so. You could have killed yourself!
二、
shall, will, would
- 12 -
1
．用在一般疑问句中，表示征 求对方的意见。
第一、第三人称用
shall
，第二
人称用
will
或
would
。
eg. Shall turn on the TV?
Shall my brother go with us?
Will/Would you do me a favour?
2
．
s hall
与第二、第三人称连用，用在肯定、否定句中，表示
“
命令、允诺、
警告、威胁，及说话人的意愿和决心
”
。
eg. You shall do it at once!
He shall have the money when he finish his work on time.
You shall fail if you don’t work hard.
If Shylock breaks the law, everything he has shall be
taken away from
him.
3
．
will
在陈述句中可用于任何 人称，表示
“
意愿、意志、决心
”
等。有时也可
用在条件句中。
eg. I will help you
at any time
if necessary.
The captain will land you safe in Liverpool, if you will be man.
4
．
will
和
wou ld
可以表示习惯性反复发生的动作，或在某一条件下，一定回
发生的动作。
这时，< br>will
一般指
“
现在
”
，
would
一般 指
“
过去
”
。
eg. Oil will float on water, because it is lighter.
He would take a walk after supper when he lived here.
上面例句中的
would
可以用
used to
来替换。
used to
也表示
“
过去常常
”
，但
used to
还隐 含了
“
现在不再这样了
”
的意思。而
would
则没有这种 意思。
eg. He used to smoke, but he has given it up now.
三、
should/ought to
1
．可以表示一种必要性、义务，解为
“
应当、应该
”
。可以与任 何人称连用，
并用在肯定、否定、疑问句中。
但疑问句时用
should
更多 一些
。
eg. You should/ought to pay more attention to your spelling.
2
．可以表示一种推测，解为
“
应该是
”。用于任何人称的肯定、否定、疑问句。
它还有进行和完成两种形式：
should/ou ght to be doing
（对现在正在进行的动作
的推测）和
should/ought to have done
（表示与过去的事实相反，
“
本来应该
”
的意思）
。
eg. They should be here by now.
The students should be doing the experiment in the lab.
You should have come here ten minutes earlier.
3
．
shoul d
有时可以表示说话人惊讶的感觉，解为
“
竟然
”
。
eg. I have never imagined that he should say so at the meeting.
四、
need
和
dare
need
和
dare
两词，都既可作为情态动词，又可作为实意动词，所以复习< br>的重点是分清在句子中它们分别是哪种动词。
1
．
need
解为
“
需要、必须
”
。
- 13 -
A)
作为情态动词时，多用于疑问句和否定句。
eg.
—
Need I do it again?
—No, you needn’t.
注意：与
Must I do it again?
的意思相近，但用
nee d
问，问的人一般希望得
到的是否定的回答；而用
must
问，问话的人一般 希望得到的是肯定回答。
B)
作为实意动词，可用于各种句型，是及物动词，可以跟名词做宾语。
eg. We need another five workers to do the work.
C) needn’t have done
与
didn’t need to do
的区别
needn’t have done
和
didn’t need to do
分别是情态动词用法与实意动词用法
的过去形式，但是所表示的意义不同。
needn’t have done
意思是< br>“
本来不必
”
，
言下之意是
“
做了不必要做的事了< br>”
；而
didn’t ne
ed to do
意思是
“
当时不必要
”
，
言下之意是
“
当时不必要，因此可能就没有做”
。
试比较：
She
was
too
nervous
to
reply,
but
fortunately
she
didn’t
need
to
say
anything.
她紧张得无法答复，但幸运的是，她那时什么也不必说。
You
needn’t
have
mentioned
it
to
him,
because
he
had
been
told
everything before.
你本来不必跟他提这件事的，之前已经有人把一切都讲给他听
了。
2
．
dare
解为
“
敢
”
。
A)
作为情态动词时，多用于疑问句和否定句。
eg. Dare you say that to your boss?
The little boy dare not face his teacher.
但是
dare
的固定词组
“I dare say...”
，用在肯定句中。
eg. He’ll come again, I dare say.
< br>注意：
dare
作为情态动词时，它的过去式是
dared
。
eg. They dared not laugh in front of their manager.
B)
作为实意动词，
dare
可以用在各种句型里。
但是注意在否定句里，有时后面的不定式的
to
可以省略。
eg. They didn’t dare (to) laugh in front of their manager.
高考真题试析：
01
年
34
题
You can’t imagine that a well
-behaved gentleman ____ be so rude to a lady.
A. might
B. need
C. should
D. would
选
C
。这里的
should
作
“
竟然
”
解，表示说话人的惊讶。
01
年（春）
27
题
Mr.
Bush
is
on
time
for
everything.
How
____
it
be
that
he
was
late
for
the
opening ceremony?
A. can
B. should
C. may
D. must
选
A
。因为在本句 里的
can
用在疑问句中，意思是
“
可能
”
。全句的意思是
“
布
- 14 -
什先生每件事都是准时的，他怎么可能在开幕式时迟到呢？
02
年（春）
28
题
Oh, I’m not feeling well in the stomach. I ____ so much fried chicken just now.
A. shouldn’t eat
B. mustn’t have eaten
C. shouldn’t have eaten
D. mustn’t eat
选
C
。根据上下文，这里表示的是
“本不应该吃这么多的炸鸡
”
。所以
shouldn’t
have eaten
是正确选项。
03
年（春）
24
题
My English-Chinese dictionary has disappeared. Who ____ have taken it?
A. should B. must
C. could
D. would 选
C
。这是对过去事实的一种推测，
must
只能用在肯定句里，
could
是用在疑
问和否定句里，
所以选
could
。
04
年
28
题
Children under 12
years of age in
that country
____ be under adult supervision
when in a public library.
A. must
B. may
C. can
D. need
选
A
。根据整个句子的意思，这里用
mu st
（必须）最恰当。
04
年（春）
29
题
You might just as well tell the manufacturer that male customers ____ not like the
design of the furniture.
A. must
B. shall
C. may
D. need
选
C
。
在此句中，
may not
解释为
“
可能不
”
。
全句的意思是
“
你最好告诉生产商，
男性顾客 可能不惜换这种家具的设计。
”
05
年
27
题
There ____ be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practised a
lot in the driving school.
A. mustn’t
B. shan’t
C. shouldn’t
D. needn’t
选
C
。因为整句的意思是：
“既然你在驾驶学校练得很多，那么通过路考应该
不会有什么困难了。
”
这里的should
是一种推测。
而
must
表示推测时
（解为
“
一
定
”
）
，一般只用于肯定句，否定时要用
can’t
。
05
年（春）
29
题
According to the local
regulations, anyone who intends to get a driver’s licence
____ take an eye test.
A. can
B. must
C. would
D. may
选
B
。这里
must< br>的意思是
“
必须
”
，正和题意。
06
年
26
题
Black
holes
____
not
be
seen
directly,
so
determining
the
number
of
them
is
a
tough task.
A. can
B. should
C. must
D. need
- 15 -
选
A
。本句 的意思是
“
黑洞不可能直接看得到，所以要确定黑洞的数量是一件
棘手的事情。
”
要表示可能性的时候，
must
只能用于肯定，
can
才是用于 否定。
06
年（春）
26
题
You know he is not going to let us leave early if we ____ get the work done.
A. can’t
B. may not
C. shouldn’t
D. mustn’t
选
A
。此句用
can’t
，意思是
“
不能够
”
。
07
年
29
题
—“Guess what! I have got A for my term paper.”
—“Great! You ____ read widely and put a lot of work into it.”
A. must
B. should
C. must haveD. should have
选
C
。这是对过去事实的推测，
must have done
的意思就是
“
过去一定
......”
。
07
年（春）
27
题
The boss has given everyone a special holiday, so we ____ go to work tomorrow.
A. can’t
B. mustn’t
C. needn’t
D. shouldn’t
选
C
。
needn’t
意思是
“
不必
”
正和题意。
代词
一、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词
1
．人称代词的主格、宾格和所有格
作主语时用主格，做宾语和表语时用宾格，作定语时用所有格。
形容词性的所有格和名词性的所有格：如
my
和
mine
，
you r
和
yours
等。
eg. Your school is so different from ours (= our school).
2
．英语中第一、第二、第三人称代词在句子中的排列次序：单数时为
you, he
and I
；复数时为
we, you and they
。
3
．
it
用于指人的情况：
A)
—
Who is it/that speaking?
—
It
’s Mary spea
king.
B)
—What’s wrong with the baby?
—
It
’s crying loudly.
4
．双重所有格的用法
在英语中经常会碰到双重所有格的情况，
如
a friend of mine
，
the invention of
his
等，这种表达法的意思与
my friend, his invention
基本相同，只有细微的差
别。
另外，
名词也有双重所有格的表达法，
如
a friend of my father’s, the invention
of Professor Brown
’s
等。
5
．在表示宾语的身体部位的名词前，一般用 定冠词
the
代替所有格。
试比较：
The policeman caught the thief by
the arm
.
The young lady carried a small baby in her arm.
6
．
We students
与
Our students
的区别
We students
中 文为
“
我们学生
”
，
“
学生
”
是
“
我们
”
的同位语，用这一词语的时
候，说话人是学生。而
Our students
其实是
“
我们的学生
”
，说话人不是学生。
当然，用
We students
的时候，
We students
必须是主语，如果是宾语，则用
us
- 16 -
students
。
eg. We students should learn more than book knowledge at school.
Good teachers always bear us students in mind.
7
．反身代词的用法
A)
作宾语
eg. We must learn to adjust ourselves to the new situation.
注意反身代词与代词宾格作宾语的区别：
eg. Jane’s mother stared at her in the mirror.
（
Jane
的母亲望着镜子中的
Jane
。
）
Jane’s mother stared at herself in the mirror.
（
Jane
的母亲望着镜子中
的自己。
）
试译：请好好保重。
Please take good care of yourself.
在幼儿园里，老师会很好地照顾你的。
Teachers will take good care of you in the kindergarten.
B)
用作同位语，强调主语或宾语
eg.
I
myself
would
never
do
such
a
thing.
(=
I
would
never
do
such
a
thing
myself.)
We talked with the
mayor himself
.
C)
反身代词的一些词组
by oneself
单独，独自
eg. He finished the task by himself.
for oneself
为了自己
eg. She cooked a meal for herself.
between ourselves
就我们之间
eg. This is a secret between ourselves.
teach
oneself
sth.
自学
...
eg.
Lenin
taught
himself
English
when
he
was
in
Siberia.
seat oneself = be seated
eg. He seated himself
at the back of the room.
devote oneself to = be devoted to
献身于
二、指示代词
1
．
this, these
经常指下面要讲的东西，而
that, those
经常指前面讲过的东西。
eg. He always begins his story like this: “Once upon a time, there was a ...”
He was ill. That’s why he didn’t come.
2
．
that
与
those
可以指代 前面提到的名词，经常在比较级的句子中出现。
eg. The boy told me his story and also that of his sister’s.
Weather in Shanghai is warmer than that in Beijing.
The products produced this year are different from those produced last year.
3
．
this
与
that
可用作副词，放在形容词或副词前 ，意思相当于
so
。
eg. I didn’t expect the exam would be this easy.
I can only go that far, to the riverside.
三、不定代词
- 17 -
1
．
one
one
只能指代可数名词的单数 形式
，
它与
it
的不同之处是
it
代替前面所提到
的名词，
是特指的，
也就是前面提到的同一件东西，
而
one
代替前 面所提到的
名词，但它是一种泛指，即是这一类东西中的任何一个。
试比较：
I have lost my cell phone and I have to buy one (= a cell phone).
I have bought a new cell phone. I bought it in Hong Kong.
2
．
any, some, anyone, someone, anybody, somebody, anything, something
A)
any
一般用在否定句，疑问句与条件状语从句中
。
eg.
—
Have you any questions?
—No, I haven’t any.
Please buy some apples if there are any.
any
也可以用在肯定句中，表示
“
任何一个
”
的意思。
eg. This is common knowledge. Any pupil knows it.
B)some
一般用在肯定句中，但可以用在一种表示邀请的疑问句中。
eg. Would you like to have some drinks? (= Have some drinks, please.)
试比较：
Have you bought any drinks?
some
有时还可 以解释为
“
某个
”
的意思，相当于
certain
。
eg. I have read it in some magazine. (= in a certain magazine.)
C)
anyone, someone, anybody, somebody
都是指人，
anything, something
都是指
物。无论是指人还是指物，都是单数性质。
3
．
another
与
the other
等的用法见下表：
单数
复数
泛指
another = another one
other ones = others
特指
the other = the other one
the other ones =the others
eg. I don’t like the colour of the shirt. Will
you please show me
another (one/
shirt)?
There were only two shirts left
in the shop. I didn’t like the blue one. So I
took the other.
We have been told that only three of us have passed the exam, and the others
have to do it again next week.
There are many children in the park. Some are singing, others are dancing.
4
．
each
与
every
each
相当于形容词或名词，而
every
相当与形容词。
each
指两个或两个以上的
“
每一个
”，
every
指三个或三个以上的
“
每一个
”
。
用
each
的时候，常可强调
“
各不相同
”
，而用
every
时，常强调
“
全部都
”
。
eg. Each of the hats cost 30 dollars. (= The hats cost 30 dollars each.)
There are shops
on each side of the street
.
At
the meeting,
each student
expressed his or her own idea.
Every one of the students
agreed with me.
5
．
everyone
与
every one
- 18 -
everyone
只指人，同
everybody
。
every one
既可指物，也可指人，指人时只用在
of
短语之前。
eg. No one is absent today. Everyone is here.
All the pictures are beautiful. I like every one of them.
6
．
all
与
both
；
any
与
either
；
none
与
neither
这三对代词的区别是一样的，在与指代数量上的不同。
all, any, none
都是指
代三个或三个以上，
both, either, neither
都是指代两者。
eg. All the students like my idea.
Both his parents are ordinary workers.
There are many books in our library. You can borrow any of them.
I have two dictionaries. You may take either one.
None of my classmates will go there with me.
Neither of his two brothers could help him during that time.
7
．
no one, nobody, nothing
和
none
。
no one = nobody
，都是指人；
nothing
指物；
none
既可 指人，也可指物。
no
one,
nobody,
nothing
都是单数性质
，
none
作主语，如指代不可数名词 ，
看作单数，如果指代可数名词，既可看作单数，也可看作复数。
在作否定回答时，
用
none
回答有针对性的人或东西，用
no
one,
nobody,
nothing
回答无针对性的人或东西。
eg.
—
Who did you see in the office?
—
No one/ Nobody.
—
Is there anything in the room?
—
Nothing..
—
Is there any water in your bottle?
—
None.
—
How many students have been chosen in your class this time?
—
None.
8
．
not
与
all, both, every
连用
not
与
all, both, every
连用时都是部分否定，意思是
“
不全是
”
。
eg. All that glitters is not gold.
Not every student can solve the problem.
Both of his parents are not at home, today.
试析：
Don’t spit ____ (anywhere/ everywhere).
高考真题试析：
01
年
22
题
Both teams were in hard training; ____ was willing to lose the game.
A. either
B. neither
C. another
D. the other
选
B
。因为在 句首有
both
一词，表明只有两支队伍，所以后面要选
neither
。< br>说明两支队伍都不想输。
01
年
33
题
In
fact
____
is
a
hard
job
for
the
police
to
keep
order
in
an
important
football
match.
- 19 -
A. this
B. that
C. there D. it
选
D
。这里用
it
作形式主语，真实主语是后面的不定式。
01
年（春）
24
题
Some of the wheat is from Canada. What about ____?
A. another
B
. the other
C. others
D. the rest
选
D
。
因为空格中要指代的是前面说到的 小麦，
是不可数名词，
another
，
the other
与
others
就都不能用。
而
the
res t
既可指可数名词，也可指不可数名词
，意思
也是
“
剩下的
”
。
03
年（春）
26
题
Equipped with modern facilities, today’s libraries differ greatly
from ____.
A. those of the pastB. the past
C. which of the past
D. these past
选
A
。因为只有< br>those
可以指代前文中的复数名词
libraries
。
04
年
26
题
I had to buy ____ these books because I didn’t know which one was the best.
A. both
B. none
C. neither
D. all
选
D
。从句子的 最后一个单词
best
可以知道，书起码有三本。另外根据全句
的意思，是要买书，所 以选
all
。
04
年（春）
25
题
Some of the stamps belong to me, while the rest are ____.
A. him and herB. his and hers
C. his and her
D. him and hers
选
B
。因为此处要用的是一个所有格，且后面没有跟名词，所以
B
是正确选
项。
05
年
26
题
No progress was made in the trade talk as neither side would accept the conditions
of ____.
A. others
B. the other
C. either
D
. another
选
B
。从句 子中的
neither
可以看出，谈判是在双方间进行。那么各方都不能
接受对方的条 件，没有第三方了。所以用
the other
。
05
年（春）
26
题
My daughter often makes a schedule to get ____ reminded of what she is to do in
the day.
A. herself B. her
C. she
D. hers
选
A。因为根据句子的意思，
“
我的女儿
”
做个日程表是要提醒她自己，所以 要
用反身代词。
06
年
29
题
I made so many changes in my composition that only I could read it. To ____ else,
it was hard to make out.
A. none
B. everyone
C. someone
D. anyone
选
D
。
To anyone else
的意思是
“
对于其他任何人来说
”
。其余的选项都说不通。
- 20 -
06
年（春）
27
题
Both sides have accused ____ of breaking the contract.
A. another
B
. the other
C. neither
D. each
选
B
。
这道题同
01< br>年的
22
题和
05
年的
26
题，
前面有了< br>both
，
说明只有双方，
大家都指责对方撕毁合同。
07
年
26
题
The mayor has offered a reward of $$ 5000 to ____ who can capture the tiger alive
or dead.
A. both
B. others
C. anyone
D. another
选C
。此处的
anyone
的意思是任何一个人，放在句中正和题意。
07
年（春）
26
题
Treat ____ to a glass of wine to help you relax at the end of the day.
A. one
B. oneself
C. you
D. yourself
选
D
。此句是祈使句，所 以事实主语是
“you”
，主语和宾语是同一人，所以要
用反身代词。
形容词和副词
一、形容词、副词的比较级与最高级
1
．形容词和副词的比较级与最高级的变化
形容词和副词的比较级与最高级的变化分规则和不规则两种情况。
规则的变化，短的 词（单音节及部分双音节的词）一般是在词尾加
“er”
或
“est”
（其中 重读闭音节要双写最后的辅音字母；
e
结尾只要加
“r”
或
“st”
；
“y”
加辅音
结尾的去
“y”
加
“ier”或
“iest”
）
如：
big, bigger, biggest
；
late, later, latest
；
early, earlier,
earliest
等，较长的词（部分双音节及多音节的词）在前面加上< br>more
或
most
，
如：
careful, more careful, most careful
；
clearly, more clearly, most clearly
等。
不规则变化的词为：
good, well, bad, badly, ill, many, much, little, old, far
。变化
见下表：
原级
比较级
最高级
good, well
better
best
bad, badly, ill
worse
worst
many, much
more
most
little
less
least
old
older, elder
oldest, eldest
far
farther, furthest
farther, furthest
2
．常用的比较级、最高级句型
A)
用原级形容词、副词的句型：
a) as... as...“
和
......
一样
......”
eg. Try to make as few mistakes as you can.
- 21 -
He speaks English as fluently as you.
b) not as/so... as... “
不如
.......
那样
......”
eg. People’s brains cannot work as fast as computers.
c)
在以上两个句型中，我们还 可以加上
“
倍数
”“
分数
”“
百分数
”
等 词。
eg. Tibet is twice as large as Texas. (= Tibet is twice the size of Texas).
My handwriting is not half so good as yours.
B)
用比较级形容词、副词的句型：
a) ...er than... / more ... than... “
比
......
更
......”
eg. It’s cheaper to eat at home than in the restaurant.
注意：用比较级句型的时 候，比较的对象必须是同类事物。在汉语中，我
们常看到
“
上海的天气比北京热
”
，这样的句子，但在做翻译的时候就要注意，
必须是同类作比较：
The weather in Shanghai is warmer than that in Beijing.
在比较级形容词和副词前，还可以用一些副词或短语修饰，如：
much, far,
even, still, a lot, a little, a bit, rather, slightly, *many
等。
eg. Your argument is far more persuasive than his.
这些修饰语中的
many
只用在
more +
可数名词之前，
表
“
多得多
”
之意，
如
many
more s tudents
。而要表示
“
多得多
”
的不可数的东西，则要用much more
。
还可以用
“
倍数（如
three
times
）
”
，
“
数词
+
量词（如
two
degrees
或
five
hours
等）
”
来修饰。除此之外，还有
by
far
也能修饰比较级的句型，但
by
far
多用
在比较级之后，个别情况下，可用在比较级之前。
eg. He arrived here only 5 minutes earlier than you.
The new method is more complicated by far than the old one.
b) less ... than... “
不如
......
那样
......”
eg. In my opinion, the writer’s second book is less interesting than his first one.
c) ...er and ...er/ more and more “
越来越
......”
eg.
With
the
final
examination
drawing
nearer
and
nearer,
Tim
was
getting
more and more nervous.
d) the ...er, the ...er / the more ..., the more...
“
越
......
，就越
......”
eg. The faster you solve the problem, the best result you will get.
e)
带有
than
的句型，但不是比较的意思。
more than = not only
eg. Students have learned more than book knowledge
at school.
other than = 1)except
eg. There’s nothing in his room other than books.
2)anything but
eg. I couldn’t feel other than surprised.
3)different from
eg. His tastes are quite other than mine.
rather than = instead of
eg. The color seems green rather than blue.
I would sleep rather than see a film tonight.
f)
在表示
“
两者之中比较
......
的那一 个
”
时，比较级形容词前要用定冠词
the
。
- 22 -
eg. Bill is the taller of the twin brothers.
C)
用最高级形容词、副词的句型：
a) the ...est/ most ... of/ in...
eg. China is one of the largest countries in the world.
b)
可以用比较级的句型来表示最高级的意思：
eg.
Tom
is
taller
than
anyone
else/
any
other
one/
any
of
the
others
/
all
the
others in our class.
No one is taller than Tom in our class.
I have never seen a better film than this one.
请注意在上面第一个例子中的
other, else
等的用法。试比较：
China is bigger than
any other country in Asia
.
Chins is bigger than
any country in Africa
.
c)
在最高级形容词或副词前可以用序数词或
very, much, by far
等。
eg. The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.
Among the candidates, John is the very youngest.
The Pacific is by far the largest ocean in the world.
d)
在作比较的时候，最高级形容词前必须用定冠词或物主代词所有格、
指示
代词，在最高级副词的前面可用可不 用。
eg. Don’t forget to wear
the/your best clothes to the job interview.
He runs (the) fastest in our class.
但是有时候会看到在最高级形容词前不 用定冠词的例子，这时，这个最高
级其实
不是
“
最
......”< br>的意思，而是
“
非常
......”
的意思
。
eg. This is a most interesting film.
二、有关形容词的一些要点
1
．作定语和作表语的形容词
英语中很多形容词都既可作定语，也可作表语，如
kind
，可以说
She is a
kind teacher
，或
She is kind
。但是有 些形容词只能作表语，如很多
a
开头的形
容词（
afraid, alive, alone, asleep, awake
）以及
glad, pleased, sorry, tired
等。
有些形容词用作表语时的意思与用作定语时的意思不一样。试比较：
1
）
He is ill in bed.
Ill news runs apace
(=quickly).
2) What’s your
present address?
All the members were present
at
the conference.
*2
．多个形容词修饰同一个名词的词序排列：
eg.
a charming small round old brown French oak writing table
（描述性
→
大小
→
形状
→
新旧
/
年龄
→
颜色
→
地方
→< br>物质材料
→
用途）
3
．形容词和名词的正确搭配
eg. price (high/low); goods (cheap/expensive); population (large/ small); rain
(heavy/
light
)
- 23 -
4
．形容词作状语
/
补语
形容词有时可以作句子的状语（也有的语法书上称之为补语）
。
eg. The little girl went home,
cold and hungry
.
The captain promised to land the passengers
safe
.
5
．一些由同一词根派生出来的形容词词义辨析
< br>英语中根据构词法，经常可碰到一些由同一词根派生出的不同的形容词，
在学习掌握的时候需要加 以注意，不要混淆。
A) historic
与
historical
historic
意思为
“
历史上有重大意义的
”
，
historical
意思为
“
历史的
”
。
eg. Waterloo is a historic battlefield, where Napoleon’s army was defeated.
Have you seen the historical film about Napoleon?
B) sensible
与
sensitive
sensible
意思为
“
明智的
”“
合理的< br>”“
可感觉到的
”
，
sensitive
意思为
“< br>敏感
的
”“
神经过敏的
”
。
eg.
Surely
it
would
be
sensible
to
get
a
second
opinion
before
taking
any
further action.
There is a sensible increase in temperature because of the global warmth.
This is such a sensitive issue that we should deal with it carefully.
C) imaginable, imaginary
与
imaginative
imaginable
意思是
“
能够想象的
”“
想象得出的
”
，
imaginary
意思是
“
想象
（出
来）的
”“
虚构的
”
，
imaginative
是
“
富于想象力的
”
。
eg. The seven dwarfs
tried every imaginable means,
but
couldn’t wake her
up.
All the characters in the story are imaginary.
Jack was an imaginative child though he didn’t do well at school.
三、有关副词的一些要点
1
．副词的位置
频度副词一般在动词
“be”
与助动词之后，行为动词之前
.
eg. David is usually late.
He seldom comes early.
You can never imagine how embarrassed I was at that time!
修饰动词的副词经常在动词之后，有时也可放在句首。
eg. Though I did the exercise very carefully, I failed again.
Suddenly, a tall man appeared from behind the curtain.
表地点和时间的副词可放在句尾或句首。
2
．与形容词同形的副词，以及词尾以
ly
结尾的副词
A)
有些有
ly
结尾的副词经常可以有抽象的意义，而与形容词同 形的副词表
示的是比较具体的意义。如
high/highly; deep/deeply; wide/widely
eg. He can jump very high.
- 24 -
The principal speaks highly of your work.
B)
有些词的意思完全不同如
hard/hardly; near/nealy; late/lately; most/mostly
，
需要加以注意。
3
．一些常用副词的用法
A) very, much, very much
与
well
的用法
very
一般修饰形容词、副词和现在分词，如：
very good/hard/interesting
much
一般修饰比较级和过去分词，如：
much faster/ respected
very much
一般修饰动词，如：
I love it very much.
well
一般修饰
worth doing
与介词短语，
如：
well worth reading/above the trees
B) fairly
与
rather
fairly
与
rather
都有
“
相当
”
的意思，但一般
fairly
修饰带有褒义的形容词或
副词，含有
“
正合适
”
，
“
恰当
”
等的意义；而
r ather
含有
“
过分
”
的意义，所以修
饰带有贬义的形容 词和副词更多，如：
fairly warm, rather hot; fairly cool, rather
cold; fairly easy, rather difficult
等。
C) nearly
与
almost
nearly
与
almost
都可以解释为
“
几乎
”
，
一般情 况下，
两个词经常可以互换，
有人认为用
almost
时，感觉上比
nearly
更接近一些。
eg. The work was almost/nearly completed.
Almost/Nearly all the Japanese eat rice.
在
any
及一些否定词
no,
none,
never,
nothing,
nobody
的前面，必须使用
almost
。
eg. Almost no one believed what he said.
固定词组
not nearly
的意思是
“
远远不（够）
。
”
eg. There are not nearly enough people here to do the job.
I have 20 dollars, but that isn’t nearly enough for my journey fare.
高考真题试析：
01
年
26
题
In
recent
years
travel
companies
have
succeeded
in
selling
us
the
idea
that
the
further we go, ____.
A. our holiday will be better
B. our holiday will be the better
C. the better our holiday will be D. the better will our holiday be
选
C
。这是一个
“the more..., the more...”
的比较结构，在用这一结构时，后面的
主谓是正常语序，不用倒装。
01
年
46
题
I don’t think Peter is too young to take care of the pet dog ____.
A. correctly
B. properly
C. exactly
D. actively
选
B
。此句中
properly
可解为
“
完全地
”< br>，全句的意思是
“
我认为比德已经不小
了，完全可以照顾好他的宠物狗了。”
而其他三个选项都不符合题意。
01
年
47
题
- 25 -
According
to
the
new
research
gardening
is
a
more
____
exercise
for
older
women than jogging or swimming.
A. mental B. physical
C. effective
D. efficient
选
C
。
根据上下文，
本题的意思是
“
根据最新研究 ，
对于年纪较大的妇女来说，
园艺是比慢跑和游泳更加
......
的一项锻 炼
”
，那么在四个选项中，只有用
effective
（
有效）才讲得通。
mental
意思是
“
智力的
”
，
physical
是
“
体力的
”
，
efficient是
“
效率高的
”
，显然都不符合题意。
02
年
26
题
As far as I am concerned, education is about learning and the more you learn, ____.
A. the more for life are you equipped
B. the more equipped for life you are
C. the more life you are equipped for
D. you are equipped the more for life
选
B
。本题考比较级
the more..., the more...
的句型。在用这个句型的时候，值
得提醒的是：我们所记的
“the more”
，其实是
“the +
形容词或副词比较级
”
。本句中，过去分词
equipped
作用相当于形容词，意思是
“
做好准备 的
”
，那么它
的比较级就是
more equipped
。这样就不难理解为什么要选
B
了。
02
年
43
题
The secret of his success is that he does everything ____.
A. efficiently
B. curiously C. anxiously D. sufficiently
选
A
。四个选项中，
efficiently
意思是
“
效率高地
”
；
curi ously
是
“
好奇地
”
；
anxiously
是
“
急切地
”
；
sufficiently
是
“充分地
”
。
只有用
efficiently
，
本句才讲 得
通，
“
他成功的秘诀在于他做每一件事都效率很高
”
。
02
年
49
题
The shopkeeper gave us ____ weight: we got 9 kilos instead of 10 kilos.
A. scarce
B. short C. light
D. slight
选
B
。本题考英语的习 惯表达法。中文所说的
“
缺秤
”
，
“
分量不足
”< br>，在英语
中用
“short weight”
来表达。不用其他说法。
03
年
48
题
Broadly speaking, I would agree with Shirley, though not ____.
A. widely B. thoroughly
C. entirely
D. extensively
选
C
。根据上下文，本句的意思为
“
大体上说来，我还是同意谢丽，虽然不是
全都 同意。
”entirely
的意思就是
“
完全地
”
，符合本 题要求。
03
年
51
题
Those
who
change
mobile
phones
frequently
will
pay
a
heavy
price
for
being
____.
A. graceful
B. fashionable
C. particular D. feasible
选
B
。
本题考 形容词词义。
解题时要考虑的是
“
频繁换手机的人将为什么东西
而付出高额代 价？
”
所以显然答案就是
fashionable
，
“
他们 是为追求时髦而付出
代价
”
。其他各项都不符合题意。
04
年
31
题
- 26 -
The house rent is expensive. I’ve got about half the space I had at home and I’m
paying ____ here.
A. as three times much
B. as much three times
C. much as three times
D. three times as much
选D
。
本题考倍数的正确表达。
用英语表达倍数，
一般都是把倍数放在as ... as
或
...er than
之前。
这个句子为了避免重复，
把
three times as much
之后的
as ...
部分省略了。
04
年
32
题
He speaks English well indeed, but of course not ____ a native speaker.
A. as fluent as B. more fluent than
C. so fluently as
D. much fluently than
选
C
。本句考副词的比较等级。因为要修饰怎么
“
说英语
”
，
不能用形容词，
应该是用副词来修饰，所 以
A
、
B
两项不用考虑。而如要表示
“
比
.... ..
更流利
”
，
应该是
more fluently than，
所以
D
项也不对。表示
“
不如
......”
可以用
“not as/so+
原级形容词或副词
+ as”
的句型。全句 的意思是
“
他英语说得的确很好，但当然
还是不如一个以英语为母语的人那么流利。< br>”
04
年
51
题
Most
people
on
this
island
are
recreational
fishers,
and
____,
fishing
forms
an
actual part of their leisure time.
A. accidentally
B. purposefully
C. obviously D. formally
选
C
。
本题考副词。
根据前后 两个半句，
“
岛上大部分人都是钓鱼爱好者
”
，
“
钓
鱼成为他们休闲时间的一个实际组成部分
”
，最恰当的连接应该用
“
很显然
”
，
所以用
C
，其他选项都不符合逻辑。
05
年
28
题
At a rough estimate, Nigeria is ____ Great Britain.
A. three times the size as
B. the size three times of
C. three times as the size of D. three times the size of
选
D
。
本题考倍数表达法。
在英语中倍数应该放在
“as ... as”
，
“
-
er than”
，
或
“the
size/length/width...”
之前，所以
D
是正确的表达。
05
年
41
题
There was such a long queue for coffee at the interval that we ____ gave up.
A. eventually
B. unfortunately
C. generously
D. purposefully
选
A
。本题考副词。根据上下 文，可以知道
“
有一个很长的队伍排着要咖啡
”
，
所以
“< br>我们最终放弃了。
”eventually
意思是
“
最终
”< br>，正合题意，其他都说不通。
05
年
44
题
At times, worrying is a normal, ____ response to a difficult event or situation
––
a
loved one being injured in an accident, for example.
A. effective
B. individual
C
. inevitable D. unfavorable
选
C
。
本题考形容词。
所给的四个形容词 ，
effective
意思是
“
有效的
”
，
ind ividual
是
“
个人的
”
，
inevitable是
“
不可避免的
”
、
“
必然的
”
，< br>unfavorable
是
“
不利的
”
。
- 27 -
本题的意思应该为
“
有时候，处于一种困境时
——< br>比如一个所爱的人在一次事
故中受伤了
——
忧虑是一种正常的，不可避免的反应 。
”
06
年
28
题
A typhoon swept across this area with heavy rains and winds ____ strong as 113
miles per hour.
A. too
B. very
C. so
D. as
选
D
。本题考形容词比较的句型，只有
as...as
可以在 次运用，因为
so...as
的形
式一般是用在否定句里的。
as...as
在这里的意思是
“
有
......
如此强的程度
”
，整
句的意思为
“
伴随着大雨和强达每小时
113
英里的狂风，台风 袭击了这个地
区。
”
07
年
27
题
Alan is a careful driver, but he drives ____ of my friends.
A. more carefully
B. the most carefully C. less carefully
D. the least carefully
选
D
。本题考副词的最高级。
“
在我的朋友当中
”
，一定是超过两个人，同时句
子中也没有
than
一词，
所以不可能用比较级，
而后半句由
but
引出，
说明意思
有转折，所以不可能用
the most carefully
，只能选
D
。
语法讲座：分词
一、分词的形式
1
．现在分词与过去分词的主要区别
A)
及物动词的现在分词与过去分词的区别
eg. The news excited the children.
→The news
was exciting.
The children were excited.
→ the exciting news
the excited children
My teacher’s words
encouraged me greatly.
→ My teacher’s words were
encouraging.
I was greatly encouraged.
通过上述例子，可以发现，及物 动词的现在分词表示的是
“
主动
”
，它的过
去分词是
“被动
”
。
试分析：
tiring
与
tired
interesting
与
interested
pleasing
与
pleased
B)
不及物动词的现在分词与过去分词的区别
eg. China is a developing country and the UK is a developed country.
developing
：正在发展，发展中
developed
：已经发展好的，发达的
试比较：
boiling
与
boiled
，< br>falling
与
fallen
，
burning
与
burned
。
通过上述例子，可以发 现，不及物动词的现在分词表示的是
“
进行
”
，它的
过去分词是“
完成
”
。
2
．现在分词的四种形式
现在分词除了一般式之外，还有完成式和被动式，以动词
do
为例，现在
- 28 -
分词的四种形式见下表：
doing
being done
having done
having been done
A) doing
：主动
/
进行
eg. a)I hear someone singing an English song in the next room.
Last night, I heard someone singing an English song in the next room.
b) The man standing on the platform is waving his hand to us.
c) They stood by the roadside, begging.
doing
所表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生，与逻辑主语是主动关系。
B) being done
：被动
/
进行
eg. The problem being discussed is very important.
The museum being built there will be open to the public next year.
being done
所表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生，
但与逻辑主语是被动关系。
C) having done
：主动／完成
eg. Having done his homework, Tim played chess with his friends.
Having cleaned the classroom, I went home.
having done
所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，
与逻辑主语是主动关系。
D) having been done
：被动
/
完成
eg. Having been surrounded by the flood for over a week, the villagers lacked
food and medicine.
Having
been
shown
the
library,
the
visitors
were
led
to
the
audio-visual
lab.
having been done
所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，
与逻辑主语是被动
关系。
E) Conclusion
：
现
在
分
doing
(
主动
/
进
being
done
(
被动
/
进
词
行
)
行
)
having
done
(
主动
/
完
having
been done(
被动
/
完
成
)
成
)
过
去
分
/
done
(
被动
/
完
词
成
)
having been done
与
done
的区别：
试分析：
Written in simple English, the book is easy to read.
Built more than 800 years ago, the Krimlin is the working place of
the Russian president.
Having been surrounded by the flood for over a week, the villagers
lacked food and medicine.
Having
been
shown
round
the
library,
the
visitors
were
led
to
the
audio-visual lab.
- 29 -
过去分词所表示的 动作也发生在谓语动词之前，与逻辑主语的关系也是被动，
但它不象
having been done
强调两个动作先后发生，过去分词经常可表示一种
完成的状态。
3
．分词的否定形式：
not +
分词
eg. She remained silent, not knowing what to say.
Not hearing the bell, the teacher kept on teaching.
二、分词的功能
1
．表语
(doing/ done)
eg. The situation is inspiring.
The little girl is charming.
He looks disappointed.
Nanjing Road is crowded
at
weekend.
Those days are gone forever.
2
．宾语补足语
(doing/ done)
可以跟分词作宾语补足语的常用动词有
see, look
at,
notice, watch, observe,
hear, listen to, feel, smell, have, get, set, leave, keep, make, find
等。
eg. Mary heard someone knocking at the door.
I found him sitting/seated at the back of the room.
I didn’t recognize him, because he had his hair
cut.
Don’t worry. I’ll have the car
waiting for you.
She saw her baby playing with their pet dog.
She saw a patient carried out of the room by the doctors.
The policeman noticed the small kitchen window broken.
*The teacher caught him cheating in the exam.
*I won’t have you
talking like that.
3
．定语
(doing/ done/ being done)
分词作定语，如果只是单个的分词，一般放在名词前，如是词组，一般放
在名词之后。
eg. He took a burning stick from the fire.
There was a lighted candle at the corner of the table.
We met a group of children training in the playground.
Mr Smith is a man greatly respected by his colleagues.
The house being repaired was on fire last night.
试
分
析
：
What
I
saw
in
the
dark
was
a
？
face.
(frightened/frightening)
< br>注意：现在分词作定语时，分词表示的动作是与句子谓语动词同时发生，
不能表示位于动词之前发 生的动作，如
“
我要跟那位打碎玻璃窗的男孩谈谈
”
就不能分词翻成
“(X)I’ll talk with the boy breaking the window”
，而要用定语从
句
“the boy who broke the window”
。
- 30 -
有些分词还可放在形容词前，
用法相当于一个副词，
如
burning hot, freezing cold,
等。
4
．状语
(doing/ done/ having done/ having been done)
分词（短语）经常用作时间、原因、条件及伴随状语。
eg. Hearing the news, they jumped for joy.
Having
received
the
final
medical
check,
the
astronauts
boarded
the
spaceship.
Having been operated on the leg, the patient was moved to the ward.
Being young, he was energetic.
Badly injured, the driver lost consciousness.
Having lived there for more than half a year, she
is familiar with
the city.
Given more time, I could do it better.
Heated for a while, water will turn into vapour.
They sat on the grass, looking at the setting sun.
Holding the million-pound note, he stood there dumbfounded.
分词作状语，分词短语前有时还可以用连词
when,
while,
if,
unless,
once,
until, though
等。
eg. If playing all day, you will waste your time.
Don’t mention it
when/while talking with Mary.
He will not come unless invited.
Though warned of the danger, he still went skating on the ice.
Leave the chicken in the oven until cooked to a brown color.
有的分词短语已经相当于一个固定用语，如
generally
speaking,
judging
from..., talking of...
等，要靠平时注意和积累。
eg. Judging from
his appearance, he can’t be over forty.
Generally speaking, boys are more interested in such activities than girls.
Talking
of
language learning, communication is of great importance.
注意：我们用分词作状语的时候，它的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语或分词
前面的名词。
错句：
Walking through the park, the flowers looked beautiful.
→Walking through the park, I saw some beautiful flowers.
错句：
Running into the house, the door
banged after
the boy.
→Running into the house, the boy banged the door.
5
．分词独立结构
(Absolute Construction)
A)Try to turn the following complex sentences into simple ones:
a) Because I had lost all my money, I had to give up my plan.
→Having lost all my money, I had to give up my plan.
b) When she was left alone in the room, she began to weep.
→Left alone in the room, she began to weep.
- 31 -
c)
If time permits
, I will show you round the campus.
→
？
Permitting, I will show you round the campus
X
→
Time permitting
, I will show you round the campus.
当分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时 ，
我们可以保留这个逻辑主语，
这
种
“
名词
+
分词
”
的结构，就是分词的独立结构。
eg. The work done, they set to clean the room.
= After the work was done, they set to clean the room.
There being no one in the room, I left a note on the desk.
=Since there was no one in the room, I left a note on the desk.
The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.
=Because the last bus had gone, we had to walk home.
试试看：
I saw a boy lay on the ground, his teeth ______(set), his eyes ______(look)
upwards, his right hand ______(clench) on his chest.
(set/ looking/ clenched)
B)
分词的独立结构之前，有时还可以带有介词
with
。
(with + noun + -ing/ -ed)
eg. The little boy called out to his mother, with tears running down his cheeks.
The old woman sat on the bed, with her legs crossed.
如果在
with+
分词独立结构中的分词是
being
的话，
being< br>经常省略
。
eg. Don’t talk with your mouth (being) full.
She set out in the morning, with a heavy basket (being) on her back.
高考真题试析：
01
年
28
题
Finding her car stolen, ____
A. a policeman was asked to help
B. the area was searched thoroughly
C. it was looked for everywhere D. she hurried to a policeman for help
选
D
。本题考的是现在分词作状语时的逻辑主语问题。因为
fin ding
这一动作
必定是
“she”
所做，所以就选
D
。< br>
01
年
38
题
The bell ____ the end of the period
rang
, ____ our heated discussion.
A. indicating; interrupting
B. indicated; interrupting
C. indicating; interrupted
D. indicated; interrupted
选
A
。如果在句子中注意到
rang
这个动词，就不难理解本句的主要成分是：
The bell rang
。 因为句子里没有任何连词，所以句子中的两个空格应该都是非
谓语动词。第一格是用分词短语做定语修饰
the
bell
，因为
the
bell
与
in dicate
是主谓关系，
所以我们要选用现在分词。
第二格是分词短语做状语，而
the bell
与
interrupt
也是主谓关系，所以也要用现在分词。
02
年
33
题
- 32 -
Though ____ money, his parents managed to send him to university.
A. lacked
B. lacking of
C
. lacking
D. lacked in
选
C
。本句考分词作状语的用法。当分词与逻辑主语的关系是主谓关系时，
用
通常用现在分词；
而当分词与逻辑主语的关系是动宾关系时，
一般要用过去分
词。本 句中
“
他的父母
”
是
“
缺钱
”
的主语，所 以只能在
B
与
C
两项中作选择。
而动词
lack
可 以及物，也可以不及物，
不及物的时候一般后面跟介词
in
。只
有在
lack
当名词的时候，后面用介词
of
。
所以本题选
C
。
02
年
34
题
Don’t
use
words,
expressions,
or
phrases
____
only
to
people
with
specifi
c
knowledge.
A. being known
B. having been known
C. to be known
D. known
选
D
。本句考非谓语动词作定语。四个选项中，
having
been
known
这一分词
的完成被动形式一般不用于作定语。如果用
being known
，意思是
“
正在被（某
人）
所知
”
；< br>to be known
的意思是
“
将被
（某人）
知道
”
；
known
的意思是
“
（已）
为（某人）所知
”
，根据题意，只有
known
符合逻辑。
03
年
30
题
It is believed that if a book is ____, it will surely ____ the reader.
A. interested; interest
B. interesting; be interested
C. interested; be interesting
D. interesting; interest
选
D
。
第一格用
interesting
（有趣的）
是大家都理解的；
在第二格要用
interest
，
是 因为在此处
interest
是谓语动词，意思为
“
使（某人）感兴趣
”
。
03
年
39
题
Generally speaking, ____ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.
A. when taking
B. when taken
C. when to take
D. when to be taken
选
B
。
本题考分词作状语。
因为分词作状语是，
到底用现在分词还是过去分词，
看它跟逻辑 主语是主动还是被动关系，
是主动就用现在分词，
是被动就用过去
分词。本题中分词的 逻辑主语是
drug
（药）与
take
（吃）显然是被动关系，所
以 用
B
。
04
年
27
题
According to a recent US survey, children spend
up to
25 hours a week ____ TV
.
A. to watch
B. to watching
C. watching
D. watch
选
C
。
本题 考
-ing
分词。
因为动词
spend
的固定搭配是
spe nd some time (in) doing
sth.
，所以本句选
C
。
04
年
34
题
The flowers ____ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of
nature.
A. to smell
B. smelling
C. smelt D. to be smelt
选
B
。本题考非谓语动词作定语的用法。因为动词空格后面跟的是 形容词
sweet
，说明它前面的那个动词应该是一个联系动词，而联系动词是没有被动
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的用法的，所以可以排除
C
、
D
两项。 如果用不定式作定语，表示的是一个将
要发生的动作，在此句中意思说不通，所以选
B
。
04
年
35
题
The disc, digitally ____ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night.
A. recorded
B. recording C. to be recorded
D. having recorded
选
A
。本句也是考非谓语动词作定语的用法。因为所修饰的词
the dis c
与动词
record
的关系是被动，而且是
“
已经被录制下来”
的意思，所以只能选
A
。如果
选用
C
，虽然也是被动 ，但意思是
“
将要被录制下来
”
，在本句中不适合。
04
年
42
题
Having been attacked by terrorists, ____.
A. doctors came to their rescue
B. the tall building collapsed
C. an emergency measure was taken D. warnings were given to tourists
选
B
。本题考分词作状语时的逻辑主语问题。我们都知道，分词作 状语时，它
的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，根据这一语法规则，就可以根据上下文来判断，
到底是 谁或什么
“
受到恐怖分子的攻击
”
，所以选
B
。全句的意思 是
“
受到恐怖
分子的攻击之后，高楼倒塌了。
”
05
年
33
题
____ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water
and heating supply breakdowns.
A. Put
B. Putting
C. Having put
D. Being put
选
A
。本题考分词作状语。因为
the hotline
是分词的逻 辑主语，所以我们可以
判断出
hotline
与
put
into
use
是被动关系。四个选项中，
A
、
D
两项是被动，但
being done
一般不作状语，
且这一形式的意思是
“
正在被
......”
与
in April 2000
有矛盾。所以正确选项是
A
。
05
年
36
题
More and more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays, ____ advantage
of the health and relaxation benefits.
A. taking
B. taken C. having taken
D. having been taken
选
A。
本题考分词作作状语，
因为分词作状语时，
它的逻辑主语应该是句子的
主语。本句中
people
与
take advantage of ...
是主动关系，而且不是这一动作完
成之后，人们才去加入瑜珈班的，所以选用
taking。
06
年
34
题
Russ
and
Earl
were
auto
mechanics
____
the
same
pay,
but
Earl
had
more
ambition.
A. to earn B. to have earnedC. earning
D. earned
选
C
。
本句中的分词
earning
是作为 伴随情况的状语，
它的逻辑主语是
Russ
和
Earl
，跟主语的关 系是主谓关系，所以用现在分词。
06
年
40. ____ automatically, the e-mail will be received by all the club members.
A. Mailed out
B. Mailing out
C. To be mailed out
D. Having mailed out
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选
A
。
“mail out”
与
“e
-
m ail”
是动宾关系。
A
与
C
两项都是表被动意义的，但
c
项是不定式，带有将来意义，所以在此不合适。
07
年
34. After a knock at the door, the child heard his mother’s voice ____ him.
A. calling B. called
C. being called
D. to call
选
A
。本句考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语。因为谓语动词
hear
后，只跟没有
to
的不定式，所以
D
项排除。选
calli ng
是因为宾补与宾语是主谓关系，不是
动宾关系。
07
年
36.
The Town Hall ____ in the 1800’s was the most distinguished building at
that time.
A. to be completed
B. having been completed
C. completed
D. being completed
选
C。本题考非谓语动词作定语。虽然四个选项都有被动的意思，
但分别有不
同的侧重点。to be completed
是不定式，
带有将来意义，
所以这里显然不能用 ；
having been completed
表示的是在谓语动词之前完成的一个被动的动 作，强调
两个动作一个接着一个发生，这一形式主要是用作状语，所以
B
项也不妥；< br>D
项
being completed
的意思是
“
正在建造的
”
，也不合题义。而在句子里，
“1800
年代建成
”
是用 作定语修饰
the
Town
Hall
，过去分词
complet ed
侧重的是一个
建好的状态，所以是正确选项。
语法讲座：动名词
一、动名词的形式
1
．动名词的时态与语态形式
动名词的时态与语态形式与现在分词完全一样，以
do
为例，共有四种形式：
doing
being done
having done
having
been
done
注：
正因为动名词和现在分词 的形式一样，
所以在我们的教科书与一些英语语
法书中，把动名词和现在分词统一称为
-ing
分词。现在为了方便学习与记忆，
所以我们还是把动名词专门列出进行分析讲解。
A)
动名词的一般式
doing
doing
一般并不强调动 作发生的时间，所以与谓语动词作比较的话，这个动作
可以在谓语动词之前发生，
也可以在谓语 动词的同时发生，
还可以在谓语动词
之后发生，甚至根本就不涉及到时间这个问题。
eg. He decided to give up smoking.
Reading a lot can help me to understand better.
The boy practises playing the piano every evening.
Smoking is harmful.
B)
动名词的完成形式
having done
having done
所表示的动作都发生在谓语动词之前。
eg. He didn’t mention
having met you before.
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