动词不定式练习题及讲解
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2021年01月31日 23:14
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动词不定式用法要点讲解
一、作主语
动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种：
(1)
把不定式置于句首。如：
To get there by bike will take us half an hour.
(2)
用
it
作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如：
①
It
＋
be
＋名词＋
to do
It's our duty to take good care of the old.
②
It takes sb+some time+to do
How long did it take you to finish the work?
③
It
＋
be
＋形容词＋
for sb
＋
to do
It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition a quarter of an hour.
④
It
＋
be
＋形容词＋
of sb
＋
to do
It is stupid of you to write down everything the teacher says.
⑤
It seems(appears)
＋形容词＋
to do
It seemed impossible to save money.
二、作宾语
⒈不定式作宾语
①
以 下动词后，只能跟不定式作宾语。如：
agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose, decide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope,lean,long
manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse, wish
等，这些词大部分可接
th at
引导的从
句。如：
When our visit to the farm was over, we expected to start back on foot.
When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that we would start back on foot.
②
当复合宾语中的宾语是 不定式时，先用形式宾语
it
代替不定式，把不定式置于补语之后，即：
主语＋动
词＋
it
＋补语＋
to do
句式。
He feels it his duty to help the poor.
③
介词
but,except,besides+to do(do)
< br>在这种句型中，如介词前有动词
do
，后面应接不带
to
的不定式；如 无
do
，则接
to
不定式，即带
do
不带
to，
带
to
不带
do
。如：
The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in.
⒉部分动词后面，既可接动词不定式，也可接动名词作宾语，意义不变。如：
begin,continue,start,hate,like,love,need,require, want
等。
在
need,require,want
后接
-ing
形式，
表示被动意义，
也可接不定式，
但要用被动形式，
如：
Your
handwriting needs improving(tobe improved). hate,love,like
接不定式表示特定的未来事件，
接动名词表示目前
正在进行的活动或一般的行为。
在下列情况下，一般要用不定式：
①
hate,like,lo ve
前有
would(should)
时，如：
I'd like to have a cup of coffee.
②
当谓语动词
begin ,continue,start
等是进行式时，
如：
Thestudents are starting to work on the
difficult maths problem.
③
begin,continue,start
与know,understand
等状态动词连用时，
如：
I soon began to understand
what was happening.
< br>3
．
advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit< br>等动词后接动名词作宾语，或带不定式作宾语补足语。
如：
Our teachers don't permit our/us swimming in the lake.
Our teachers don't permit us to swim in the lake.
4
．部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应根据句子语境选择使用。
①
forget,remember,regret
后接不定式，表示现在 或未来的动作，接动名词表示动作已经发生。
如：
We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited to attend the meeting.
They regretted ordering these books from abroad.
②
mean to do
打算做某事
;mean doing
意味着
……
③
try to do
设法尽力做某事
; try doing
试着做某事
④
stop to do
停下一件事去做另一件事（不定式作目的状语）
; stop doing
停止做某事
⑤
can't help doing
禁不住
…
; can
’
t to do
不能帮助干
……
⑥
go on to do
做不同的事或不同内容的事
;
doing
继续不停地做某事，指同一动作的继续
⑦
leave off to do
离开某地去干什么（目的状语）
; leave doing
停下某事
三、做表语
To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.
四、作定语
不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如：
Have you anything to be taken to your sister?
Would you please give me some paper to write on?
不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系：
(1)
表示尚未发生的动作。
(2)
与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词。
(3)
与被修饰词之间有逻辑上的主位关系。
(4)
不定式作定语时，一般可转换为定语从句。
五、不定式作补足语
⒈作宾语补足语
一些 及物动词除要求按宾语外，有时还需要有宾语补足语，说明宾语的行为、状态、特征，这时意
思才相对完 整。
(1)
常要求不定式作宾补的动词有：
allow,ask ,advise,beg,cause,drive
（强迫），
encourage,expe ct,forbid,force,get,would like(love,hate),
ord er,permit,persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish
等。 如：
I expect you to understand the whole passage clearly.
(2)
部分动词后常接
to be
＋形容词、名词短语等形式，有时
to be
可省略，如：
consider,imagine,judge ,prove,suppose
等。
I consider him(to be)one of the best biology teachers .
但当不定式是完成式时，
to
不能省略，如：
We consider him to have been foolish.
(3)
感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略
to
。
①
I didn't hear anyone say anything about it.
②
They make the students do too much homework every day.
这种句式在变为被动语态时 ，
to
不能省略，如第
②
句：
The students are made to do too much
homework every day.
(4)
部分短语动词后，常接不定式作宾补，如：
The Party calls on us to increase production and practise economy.
常这样用的短语动词有：
ask for,care for,call on ,depend on,wait for,long for
（渴望）
，
prepare
for
等。
⒉作主语补足语
不定式作主语补足语，和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系。如：
①
He was not allowed to enter the classroom for being late.
②
The young university student is considered to have great promise.
六、不定式作状语
⒈作目的状语
(1) I stayed there to see what would happen.
(2)
有时为了强调，不定式前可加
in order
或
so as
。如：
Bob took down my telephone number so as(in order)not to forget it.
有时为强调目的状语可把
in order to
或不定式置于句首，但
so as to
不能这样用。在这种句式中
不定式部分可转换为
so that,in order that,
成为目的状语从句，如：
I stayed there so that (in order that)I could see what would happen.
(3)
在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动 词之后可接不定式，如：
astonished,glad,happy,laugh ,pleased, sad,smile,sorry,surprised
等。
①
We are glad to hear the news.
②
I was surprised to see that a three-year- old baby could write so well.
在部分形容词后接不定式 ，
用主动形式表示被动意义，
这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。
如：
T he question raised by the student is difficult to answer.
The room is really comfortable to live in.
常这样用的形容词有：
comfortable,easy,d angerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible
等。< br>
⒉作结果状语
We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy.
不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中。如：
①
so…as to;
s
uch…as to
I'm not so stupid(a fool) as to put it in writing.
我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。
②
enough…to
The speed is high enough for us to catch up with the first liner.
③
only to
Jane hurried back only to find her mother dying in the hospital.
④
too…to
I'm too tired to stay up longer.
但在下列结构中，
t
oo…to
并非是
“
太
……
而不能
……”
之意。如：
I'm only too glad to have passed the exam.
考试及格我太高兴了。（
too
修饰
glad to have…
，
相当
于
very
）
⒊不定式短语还可作独立成分，用于句首、句中或句末。如：
To tell the truth,the play was a great disappointment tome.
常见的短语有
to be exact
（确切地说），
to begin with
（首先），
to be sure
（真的）等等。
七、动词不定式的其它用法
⒈疑问词＋不定式结构
疑问词
who,what,w hich,when,where,whether,how
后可接不定式构成不定式短语，在句中作主
语、宾语、表
语等。如：
When and where to go has not been decided yet.
以上例 句中疑问词＋不定式部分，均可转换为相应的从句形式。经常在这种结构中使用的动词有：
consid er,decide,discover,explain,find
out,forget,hea r,know,learn,observe,understand,wonder
等。