动词不定式的讲义
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Lecture 2 Infinitive-----
动词不定式
1
非谓语动词
(Non-Predicate Verb)
：在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外
其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。
1.1
非谓语动词与谓语动词相似点有：
1.
如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用。
They built
a house.
They suggested building
a house.
2.
都可被状语修饰。
The suit fits him
very well.
The suit used to fit him
very well.
3.
都有主动与被动，
“体”式（一般式、进行式和完成式）的变化。
He
was beaten
by his parents.
He avoided
being beaten
by his parents.
We
have written
composition.
Having written
the composition, we handed it in.
4.
都可有逻辑主语。
We
started the work at once.
The boss ordered
us
to start the work at once.
We
are Party members.
We
being Party members, the work was well done.
1.2
非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有：
1.2.1
非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词）
，在句中作主语、宾语、表 语。
1.2.2
非谓语动词可以有形容词作用
（如动词不定式和分词）< br>，
在句中作定语、
表语或宾语补足
语。
1.2.3
非谓
语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词）
，在句中作状语。
2
动词不定式的结构形式
一
般
完
成
进
行
主
动
to do
to have done
to be doing
被
动
to be done
to have been done
×
温馨口诀：
动作同时一般式，有时还用进行式，前面动作完成式。被动要有被动式，
否定
to
前加
not
。
2.1
一般式（动词不定式表示的动作与谓语动作同时或之后发生。
）
I
’
m glad to meet you.(
同时
)
He wants to be an artist.(
之后
)
The matter to be discussed at the meeting is a hard nut to crack.
2.2
进行式（动词不定式表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生。
）
He seems to be reading in his room.(
同时
)
2.3
完成式（动词不定式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。
）
I regretted to have told a lie.
I am sorry for the article not to have been finished in time.
3
动词不定式的作用。温馨口诀：主宾表定状，宾补能用上。
3.1
作主语
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
To lose your heart means failure.
动词不定式作主语时，常用
it
作形式主语。
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
3.2
作表语
His job is to clean the hall.
3.3
作宾语
I hope to see you.
如果不 定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用
it
作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，
放在宾语补足语后面。
He found it important to study English.
也可以充当介词宾语。
I have no choice but to stay here.
They did nothing except work.
有时也可与疑问词连用。
He gave us some advice on how to study English.
3.4
作宾补
I saw him come in.
3.5
作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后面。
He was the last guest to arrive. (
主－动关系）
He found a good house to live in. (
动－宾关系）
I have no wish to quarrel with you. (
同位关系）
如果不定式修饰名词
time, place, way,
可以省略介词
。
He has no place to live.
This is the best way to work out this problem.
3.6
作
状语
He worked day and night to get money.(
表目的）
He arrived late to find the train gone.(
表结果
)
They were sad to hear the news.(
表原因
)
3.7
作主补
She is known to be a good teacher.
3.8
作独立成分
To tell you the truth, I don’t like the way he t
alked.
4
带
to
动词不定式做宾语
4.1
要想干，同意办，愿意不愿意，决定尽量干。
A.
要求，想要，希望
：
want wish hope expect intend mean
B.
同意
：
agree promise
C.
意愿
：
care hate refuse
D.
决定，企图：
determine decide attempt try manage
4.2
其它动词：
Afford
aim appear arrange bother believe choose claim
come
consent
dare demand desire decline
elect endeavor fail hesitate offer happen help seek learn neglect pledge plan prepare pretend seem
swear undertake volunteer wait long(
渴望
)
5
不带
to
的动词不定式的常用动词和结构：
5.1
温馨口诀
:
一感
feel,
二听
hear, listen to ,
三让
have, let, make, bid(
旧用法：嘱咐、命令
),
四看
see, look at, observe, watch;
还有
except
和
but,
前面有
实义动词
do, to
略去
;
主语从句
有实义动词
do
式，
to
有
to
无都可以。
其它不带
to
的不定式情况：
5.2
在半助动词之后，
如：
be about to/ be able to/ be apt to/ be bound to/ be due to/ be going to / be
liable to/ be obliged to/ be supposed to/ be sure to/ be to/ be willing to / had better/best/ have to/ have
got
to
/
come to
/
fail to /
get
to/ tend to
/be certain
to/ be (un)likely to /
appear to
/
chance to /
happen to/ seem to/ turn out to/ etc. (p210. 18.1.1/p220.19.1.2. b)
直接加上不含
to
的不定式。
The boy has to make a living by begging.
He is unwilling to help me with my English.
He seems to be very disappointed.
注：半助动词含有的“
to
”
,
不能看成小品词，而应该看成半助动词的一部分，不能分割。
5.3
在情态成语之后，直接加上不带
to
的不定式
。
would rather/would sooner/would (just) as soon +than-/as-+do (
宁愿…而不愿
)
may/might (just) as well do(
不妨，可以
)
cannot but/ cannot help but(
不能不，不由得不
)
The hero said: “I would rather die than surrender.”
Since it’s a fine day we may as well have a walk.
I cannot but choose to go.
I would as soon stay at home.
5.4 rather than/sooner than
用法。
5.4.1 rather than
与
sooner than
同义，多与
would
连用，构成“
would rather.. .than...
”句式，
均作“宁可…而不”解释，表示主观愿望，即在两者之中选择其一。 前者多见，置于句首时，
其后跟不带
to
的不定式。
Sooner than marry him, she would earn her living as a waitress.
Rather than lose the children, she would die.
当
rather than
与
sooner than
出现于句中其他位置时，其后不定式既可带
to
也可不带
to.