动词不定式用法与专项练习
玛丽莲梦兔
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2021年01月31日 23:55
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______________________________________________ __________________________________________________ ______________
动词不定式
: to+do
(
高二
2016.2)
动词不定式由
“
to +
动词原形
”
组成，
是动词的一种非谓语形式。
动词不定式在句中
可充当
主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾补、主补
。
1.
动词不定式在句中的语法功能：
(1)
动词不定式（短语）作主语
To love is to be loved.
爱别人就是被人爱。
To teach is to give.
教书就是奉献。
*to do
和
v-ing
作主语时的区别
:
Smoking is a bad habit. (v-ing
作主语表示习惯性动作
)
To stay home on such a cold night is comfortable. (
动词不定式作主语表示偶然性或一
次性的动作
)
*
不定式作主语和目的状语时
的
区别
。例如：
To get up early does good to one
’
s health.
早起对身体有好处。
（作主语）
To get up early, one must go to bed early.
为了早起，必须早睡。
（作目的状语）
(2)
动词不定式（短语）作宾语
I will leave it to you to make the final decision.
我将由你来做最后的决定。
(it
作形式宾
语
)
She decided to quit her job at last.
最后，她决定辞职。
*
疑问词
+
动词不定式短语
作宾语
：
I don't know what to do.
我不知道该怎么办。
The children are learning how to play the game.
孩子们在学做游戏。
例如（
NMET2000
）
：
I
’
ve worked with children before, so I know what ____ in my new
job.
A. expected
B. to expect
C. to be expecting
D. expects
(
答案
:B)
(what to expect
在句中 作
know
的宾语，而
what
作不定式
to expect
的逻辑宾语。
)
（四川
09
）
He told us whether _______ a picnic was still under discussion.
A. to have
B. having
C. have
D. had
(
答案
: A)
又如：
It is said that in Australia there is more land than the government knows ____.
A. it what to do with
B. what to do it with
C. what to do with it
D. to do what with it
答案是
C
。
what to do with it
作
knows
的宾语。
*
注意
:
有些动词后面必须跟动名词作宾语，平时要注意区别，进行区分。
*forget, remember, try, regret, mean, stop
等动词后既可跟不定式又可跟 动名词
，须根
据其习惯用法和语境进行取舍。例如（
MET91
）
：
—
The light in the office is still on.
—
Oh, I forgot____.
A. turning it off
B. turn it off
C. to turn it off
D. having turned it off
答案是
C
。
forget to do
意为“忘了做
（某事）
，
”
forget doing
“忘了做过
（某事）
；
”
remember
有类似的区别。类似的还有：
try to do
“尽力做”
，
try doing
“试着做”
；
regret to say /tell
“很
遗憾地说”
，
regret doing
“后悔做了……”
；
mean to do
“意欲
/
想要做”
，
mean doing
“意味
着做”
；
stop to do
“停下来做另外的事情”
，
stop doing
“停止正在做的事情”
。
-
可编辑修改
-
(3)
动词不定式（短语）作表语
The most important thing for the United States to do now is to rescue the wounded.
现在，对美国来说，最重要的是抢救伤员。
*
注意：
在
“
形容词
+
不定式
”
结构
作表语
、
宾补
和
定语
时，其中
形 容词
多为表示性质的
词，如：
easy, hard, good, difficult, interesting
等
,
常常是
主动式表被动。
例如：
These apples are good to eat.
这些苹果很好吃。
（
作表语）
I find it difficult to understand.
我发现这很难懂。
（
作宾补）
He is a man easy to get on with.
他是一个容易相处的人。
(
作定语
)
The box is light enough to carry.
这盒子轻得可带走。
（
作表语）
The future is hard to tell.
未来很难预测。
（
作表语）
*
注意
：
All you have to do is
(to) finish
the job quickly.
如果主语部分有个表示不定式内
容的
do,
用作表语的不定式可省略
to
。又如：
We had nothing to
do
but _______ (watch) TV yesterday.
(
答案
: watch)
We
did
nothing but ________ (watch) TV yesterday.
(
答案
: watch)
(4)
动词不定式（短语）作宾语补足语。
She asked me to stay here.
She encouraged me to work hard.
We'd love you to give us a hand.
我们想让你帮个忙。
注意：
1)
在一些动词后，用作宾语补语的动词不定式符号
to
要省略掉。
这类动词包括感官动
词以及使役动词，如
feel, spot, look at, listen to, observe, see, hear, watch, notice,
have, make, let, get
等。
但如果句子为被 动语态，动词不定式（短语）为主补时，要带
to
。
I
had John fix
my bike.
我让约翰修理我的自行车。
They
saw the boy fall
suddenly from the tree.
-----The boy
was seen to fall
suddenly from the tree.
Paul doesn
’
t have to be made___________ . He always works hard. (
答案
:B)
A. learn
B. to learn
C. learned
D. learning
辨析：
I
heard her sing
a song in the next room yesterday. (
强调听歌的整个过程
)
（
=She
was heard to sing
a song in the next room yesterday.
）
I
heard her sinning
a song when I passed by.(
强调动作正在发生
)
(=She
was heard singing
a song when I passed by.)
*see, hear, notice
等的宾语后还可跟现在分词作补语，
变成被动语态时仍保留分词的形
式，表示正在发生的动作。
例如：
The missing boys were last seen ____ near the river.
(
答案：
A)
A. playing
B. to be playing
C. play
D. to play
(5)
动词不定式（短语）作定语：
动词不定式（短语）作定语需后置。
*
动词不定式作定语与分词作定语的区别
:
过去分词表示动作已经完成，现 在分词表示动作正在发生当中，而不定式则表示将要
发生的动作或状态
。
2
________________________________________ __________________________________________________ ____________________
辨析
:
The meeting
held
is important
. (
表示动作已经完成
)
The meeting
being held
is important
. (
表示动作正在进行当中
)
The meeting
to be held
is important
. (
表示动作将要发生
)
注意：
1)
当被修饰的是不定代词如
everything, anything, much, little
等
,
或被修饰的名词前被形
容词最高级
,
序数词
,the only
等强调结构修饰时
,
非谓语动词作定语则用动词不定式。
Do you have anything to say?
你有什么要说的吗
?
I am afraid I cannot attend your party, for I have too many things to do.
He is the only person to know the truth.
他是唯一了解真相的人。
When the question was out, he was the first one to raise his hand
…
.
他第一个举起手。
He was the last to realize the importance of this problem.
2)
如被修饰的名词或代词是动词不定式的逻辑宾语 ，
且动词不定式的动词是不及物动词
,
则后面需跟成为搭配的介词。
Who is the man to talk to?
要谈话的人是谁？
He is a tough teacher to deal with.
他是个很难对付的老师。
I need a pen to write with.
我需要一支笔写字
例如
:To fetch water before breakfast seemed to me a rule_____.
（上海高考题
98
）
：
A. to never break
B. never to be broken
C. never to have broken
D. never to
be breaking
答案是
B
，
在句中作定语；
由于
a rule
是不定式的逻辑宾语，
所以不定式用了被动结构。
又如：
There are five pairs____, but I
’
m at a loss which to buy.
（上海高考题
99
）
A. to be chosen
B. to choose from
C. to choose
D. for choosing
答案是
B
，
这是“不定式
+
介词”作定语。
题意是“从五双中选一双”
，
故须在
choose
后加
上介词
from
。类似的如
a chair to sit in, a pen to write with, a topic to talk about
等。
(6)
动词不定式（短语）作状语
动词不定式（短语）作状语可以表示目的，结果，原因等。
▲
目的状语
The whole family came out to see my performance.
全家人出来看我表演。
He called to say goodbye.
他打电话来道别。
▲
结果状语
We rushed to the railway station
only to find (
表示出乎意料
)
the train had just left.
我们匆匆赶到火车站，结果发现火车刚刚离开了。
He studied hard only to fail.
他学习很努力，但却没及格。
She went to South China five years ago, never to return.
她五年前去了华南，结果从未
返回。
*
注意：
doing
也可以作结果状语，但表示自然而然的结果。
His parents were killed in the accident, making him an orphan.
They all left, leaving me alone.
▲
原因状语
动词不定式
（短语）
常跟在一些形容词后面，
说明产生这些情绪的原因。
这类形容词有：
-
可编辑修改
-
happy, ashamed, surprised, grieved, frightened, sorry, glad, delighted, eager,
disappointed, right, excited, ready, clever, bored
等。
I am sorry to interrupt you.
The father was surprised to learn that his son spent money like water.
得知儿子花钱如流水
,
父亲感到很吃惊。
We will be very happy to work on this project with you.
和您一起合作这个项目
,
我们感到很高兴。
(7)
动词不定式（短语）作独立成分
动词不定式（短语）可以用来作句子的独立成分。这些短语有：
to begin with
（首先）
,
to tell the truth (truth to tell)
（说实在的）
, to make a long story short
（长话短说）
, so
to speak
（可以这么说）
, to be brief
（
简言之）
, to be exact
（
确切地说）
, to be frank
（坦
率地说）
, to do sb. justice
（说句公道话）
, to conclude
（总而言之）等。
To begin with, I'd like to introduce myself to you all.
首先，
我想给你们作一下自我介绍。
To be frank with you, I don't love you any more.
老实对你说吧，我已经不再爱你了。
To conclude, energy is exhaustible, so we have to preserve it for our future
generations.
总而言之，能量并不是用之不竭的，因此我们必须为后代保留一些。
2
．
动词不定式中原形动词的省略
为避免重复，有时可用不定式的符号
to
来代表动词不定式。
-Would you like to have some coffee?
您要来点咖啡吗？
-Yes, I'd like to.
If you don't want to buy it, you don't need to.
假如你不想买的话，你就不要买。
注意：可以这样省略主要动词的动词不定式结构有
:hope to, agree to, be willing to,
want to, refuse to, fail to, manage to, would like to, offer to
等。
---What
’
s the matter with Della?
--- Well, her parents wouldn
’
t allow her to go to the party, but she still ______.
（江苏
09
）
A. hopes to
B. hopes so
C. hopes not
D. hopes for
（答案：
A
）
一般而言，在否定结构中to
必须保留。例如（
NMET95
）
：
The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _____.
A. not to
B. not to do
C. not do it
D. do not to
（答案：
A
）
3.
动词不定式的否定式
:
not
必须置于整个不定式结构之前
。
We decided not to go there.
我们决定不去那儿了。
I wished never to see him again.
我希望永不再见到她。
4
．动词不定式的时态和语态
时态
▲
动词不定式的一般式
: to do:
表示的动作与谓语动词的动作是同时发生或将在其后
发生的。
They are learning to sing and dance.
他们在学习歌舞。
We have to get some money to buy a TV set.
我们得赚些钱来买台电视机。
4
___ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ _______
▲
动词不定式的进行式
: to be doing:
表 示的动作是与谓语动词的动作同时发生的，而
且正在进行中。该结构也常与
always, constantly, rapidly, fast, slowly
等副词连用。
The weather seems to be improving.
天气似乎在好转。
Come on, it's time to be making for (
前往
,
走向
) school.
好了，是上学的时候了。
He pretended to be reading when the teacher came in.
▲
动词不定式的完成式
: to have done:
表示的动作发生在谓语的动作之前。
不定式的完
成式常用在
be said, be reported, be considered, appear, hope, pretend, seem
等以及
某些情态动词后，
表示对过去事情的推断或虚拟假设，
例如< br>（
NMET97
）
：
I would love____
to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
A. to go
B. to have gone
C. going
D. having gone
答案是
B
，表示与过去事实相反的虚拟愿望。
He was said to have studied abroad for years.
据说他已经在外国留学多年了。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting.
很抱歉让你久等了。
He pretended not to have seen me when passing by yesterday.
他昨天从我身边经过时假装没看到我。
语态
▲
不定式的
被动式
: to be done
如：
He asked to be sent to the front. (
他请求被派往前线。
)
I wish to be excused.
我请求原谅。
This infectious disease is said to have been wiped out many years ago.
这传染病据说
好多年前就已经灭绝了。
Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains ____ whether
they will enjoy it.
A. to see
B. to be seen
C. seeing
D. seen
答案是
B
。因为不定式的逻辑主语
it
（指出国旅游这件 事）与不定式是被动关系。
Little Tom would love____ to the theatre this evening. (NMET
’
92
）
A. to be taken
B. to take
C. being taken
D. taking
(
答案
A)
It
’
s important for the figures _______ regularly.
（北京
2011
）
A. to be updated
B. to have been updated
C. to update
D. to have updated
(
答
案
: A)
He claimed
（声称）
____ in the supermarket when he was doing shopping yesterday.
A. being badly treated
B. treating badly C. to be treated badly D. to have been badly
treated 根据题意，该用不定式的完成被动式，表动作发生在
claimed
之前，故答案是
D
。
***
值得注意的是，在下列场合通常用不定式的主动式表被动意义
：
▲
主语
+be +
形容词
+
动词不定式
当作表语的某些形容词被动词不定式修饰时，
动词不定式与句子主语之间存在着逻辑上
的动宾关系，动词不定式可以用主动式代替被动式。
(
阅
P1)
This problem is difficult to solve.
这个问题很难解决。
-
可编辑修改
-