英语语法体系(English Grammar)
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英语语法体系（
English Grammar
）
NP
S
Pron.
SVP
Num
VP
V
SV(A)
Prep.P
Adj.P
SVO(A)
Adv.P
Inf.P
P
Non-
GP
finite
.P
VP
Past Part. P
O
SVOO
S-clause
Nominal
P-clause
C
clauses
O-clause
App.-clause
A
SVOC
(Adverbial clause)
(Attributive clause)
(Attr)
1
英语语法课程体系
基本概念
1
．
词性
2.
语法层次
3.
词类的功能（常规
/
非常规）
4.
分句成分（常规
/
非常规）
4.
词类与成分对应关系
5.
基本句型
英语句子常态结构
一、句内关系模块
1.
支配关系（动词概述）
二、非限定动词模块
3.
动名词
三、从句模块
6.
名词性从句
四、限定动词模块
9.
动词的时与体
11.
虚拟语气
五、名词模块
13.
名词及其属格
六、修饰语模块
15.
形容词
七、英汉对比模块
18.
英汉句型比较
20.
英汉词汇搭配、词义对比
22.
英汉连贯与衔接对比
英语句子的非常态结构
1.
（反意疑问句）
3.
强调句
5.
分隔（前置与后置）
综合练习
1.
句型判断
3.
语法手段判断
2.
一致关系
4.
动词不定式
5.
分词
7.
状语从句
8.
定语从句
10.
将来时间表示法
12.
情态助动词
14.
限定词
16.
副词
17.
介词
19.
英汉句子结构比较
21.
英汉表达法比较
2. It
句型与
There be
句型
4.
倒装
6.
省略
7.
替代
2.
联句
4.
长难句结构分析
2
Language
possess
grammatical
systems
not,
as
some
learners
might
be
inclined to think, simply to make the learning of the language more difficult, but to
express meanings. The grammatical devices of a language are not to be learned as
an
end
in
themselves.
It
is
the
capacity
to
express
meaning
that
is
the
end.
The
grammatical system provides the necessary means.
第一讲
语法的内容
总论
英语的基 本结构单位有词和句两个，
因而词的构造规则和句的构造规则就成为英语语法
的基本内容，分别 由词法和句法去研究。它们都是从语汇中抽象出来的规则。
词法的主要内容大致可分为两部分：
一是词素组合为词的规则和词的变化规则；
二是词的语法分类。
词的语法分类就是将词分成名词、
动词和形容词等的词类。
为什么要分词类？这是由于
在组词造句的时候，
词类与句子结构成分之间存在着有规律的对应关系，
要分析组词造句的规则，
必须将词分类，
使之在词和句之间架起一座桥梁。
能充当句子结构成分的词 类一般可
以分为名词、动词、
形容词和副词，
它们与句子成分之间存在着对应关系，< br>因而人们称它为
双轨制的语法结构：
主语、宾语
谓语
定语
状语
名词
动词
形容词
副词
一轨是以“主语——谓语”结构为框架的句法，其中的核心的规则就 是主、谓语
之间的一致关系；一轨是和句子结构成分有对应关系的名词、
动词、形容词的词类划 分，二
轨相互依存，因为名词是做主、宾语用的，动词是做谓语用的，形容词是做定语用的，副词
是做状语用的。
这种状况如用演戏作比喻，大致情况是：
“主语——谓语”框架好像是舞台，
名词、动词、形容词、副词好像是演员，而主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语犹如演员所扮演
的角 色，而一个个具体的句子就犹如一出出戏剧；
舞台、
演员、角色和演出的戏剧在演出中
相互依存，
形成一个整体，缺一就演不成戏。
所以，
由两个基本结构单位构成的双轨是 相互
依存的，在造句的时候二轨合而为一，彼此拧成一股绳，造出一个个合格的句子。
词法和句法的构造规则虽然很多，但核心的规则只有一条，这就是一致关系所维
持的“主语——谓语” 的结构框架，
因为其他的规则都需要接受它的控制。
人们如果掌握了
这条总原则的精神 ，也就容易把握印欧语语法的基本脉络了。
3
1
词法、句法与语篇
语法是研究词形变化、句子结构及语篇组织的科学。
研究词形变化的部分称为词法< br>(morphology)
，如名词的数、格，动词的时态、语态都属
于词法范畴。研究 句子结构的部分成为称为句法
(syntax)
，如句子的成分、语序、句子结构、
句 子种类等，都属于句法范畴。
这两部分虽有不同内容，
中间的关系却非常紧密。
在词法 时
不可避免要涉及句法，
在句法中也有许多部分与词法有关。
因此在学习过程中，既要注意两
者之间的差异，又要注意两者之间的联系，机械地把它们分割开对学习是不利的。
传统的语法中不包括语篇部分。
所谓“语篇
text
”
，不论是口头形式或书面形式，都是一些意义相连的句子为达到一定
交际目的并通过一定手段连接起来 ，从而具有结构上的粘着性
(cohesion)
意义上的连贯性
(coherenc e)
的语义整体。
（
A text, spoken or written, is a structurally cohesive and semantically
coherent unit realized by a string of sentences for communicative purposes.
）句子是语法结构的
最高层次，也是构成语篇的基本语言单位，句子和语篇有着不可分割的联系。
语篇分析研究的是语篇的结构以及构成语篇性
(texture)
的机制
,
即语篇内部的衔接与连
贯。
2
语法与词汇
语法虽有一定的独立性，
但它与词汇是密不可分的。
语法指谴词造句的规律，
但它离
不开词汇。
语法体现在词汇中，
而词汇受语法制约。
语法好比是骨架，
而词汇好比是血肉；
语法也可说是一棵树的躯干，
词汇则是枝叶。
要形成有机 的躯体几根深叶茂的大树，
必须
把两者结合起来。
可以说每个词汇中都有语法问题，< br>语法体现在整个词汇之中。
孤立研究
语法不可能掌握语法，干巴巴的语法条文绝不代表语 法，语法要在活生生的语言中体现。
在英语入门阶段，
主要学词汇，
也学少 量语法，
到词汇积累到一定程度，
则应比较系
统地学习语法。
学语法可帮助更 快地积累词汇和掌握词汇，
提高语言学习的自觉性。
不论
是加强语言理解力或语言的使 用能力，
语法都可以发挥重要的作用。
比较理想的做法是把
语法和词汇交叉学习，经过多次反复，
才可更深入掌握语言。
学词汇他体上是加强感性认
识，
学 语法则是提高理性认识。
只有把两者结合起来才能真正掌握语言，
才能学到有血有
肉的 语言。
3
词类
(parts of speech)
英语中的词可根据词义、句法作用和形式特征，分为十大类（见下表）
，称为词类，
在这十种词类中，前六种可以在句子中独立担任成分，称为实意词
(notional wor ds)
。介
词、连词和冠词都不能独立在句子中担任任何成分，称为虚词
(form
words)
。感叹词一般不
构成句子成分，可以看作特殊的一类。除了这十大类之外 ，还有表示肯定与否定的
yes
和
no
，还有不定式前的小品词
(particle) to
。实意 词大多数在句子中重读，只有助词，情态动词
和动词
be
以及人称代词等在某些情况下 弱读，而虚词一般都不重读。
4
词类
名词
代词
数词
英语名称
Noun (n.)
Pronoun (pron.)
Numeral (num.)
人或事物的名称
代替名词、数词等
表示数目与顺序
表示人或事物
性质或特征
动词
副词
冠词
Verb (v.)
Adverb (adv.)
Article (art.)
表示动作或状态
表示动作特征或性状特征
用在名词前，
帮助说明意义
介词
Preposition
(prep.)
连词
Conjection (conj.)
用在名词、代词前说
明与别的词的关系
用来连接词与词
或句与句
感叹词
Interjection
(Interj.)
4
限定词
关于词类的区分，大 多数语法学家按上述分发，但有一些英国语法学家把一些词
归在一起，成为限定词
(deter miners),
主要指用在名词前帮助说明词义的词，如
冠词
a, an, the
物主代词，如
my, your, his
用作定语的某些不定代词，如
some, any, many, little, few, both, each.
用作定语的指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词等，如
this, what, whose, whatever.
而美国语言学家不作这种区分，用作定语的代词他们干脆称为形容词，如
This
is Helen
‘
s room.
（代词）
This
room is mine.
（形容词）
You can have
either
of them.
（代词）
You can have
either
one.
（形容词）
这样处理在字典中也比较方便。但从实用角度看，统统称为代词也未尝不可。
5
作用
例词
girl, history
they, many
nine, third
brave, small
形容词
Adjective (adj.)
hear, know
nicely, very
a(n), the
for, from
and, if
表示说话时的表情或口气
oh, ah
5
分清词类至关重要
要学好英语，第一件事就是分清 词类。每学一个词都要知道它属于哪个词类，是名词还
是动词，
这样区分
至关重要。< br>各种词类都有自己的特点，只有知道一个词属于哪个词类，
才
能正确使用它。同时还应弄 清各个句子成分应由哪类词来担任，例如：
主语、宾语多由名词担任：
The
success
of the play has been a great encouragement to him. (
作主语
)
She wished him
success
.
（作宾语）
The experiment has
succeeded
.
（作谓语）
He is a
successful
writer.
（作定语）
He worked
successfully
.
（作状语）
从这些句子中可以看出，不分清词类就
寸步难行
。
6
同一个词可用作多种词类
同一个词只用作一个词类的情况是相对较少的，多数词都可兼作不同词类，例如：
It is easy to be wise
after
an event.
I will tell them the news
after
you leave.
A moment
afte
r there was a knock at his door.
In
after
years I became familiar with it.
He again did
double
work that day.
Jane and Tom won the mixed
doubles
.
The price of vegetables has been
doubled
because of the weather.
Many things now cost
double
what they did a year ago.
In the middle was a
round
table.
She looked
round
her in astonishment.
The children gathered
round
to hear the story.
Charles was on his
rounds
.
We
round
our lips to say oo.
7
词尾
有些词从词尾上就可看出属于哪个词类，
有些词尾是名词的标志，另一些是副词的标志，
例如：
名词词尾
–
er (fighter), -or (sailor),
–
ist (artist)
-ant (assistant),
–
ee(employee)
-ian (librarian),
–
tion (action)
-ment (government),
-dom (wisdom), -ness (eagerness),
-ism (terrorism), -ship (friendship,
-ure (pleasure), -ty (cruelty),
-ence (reference)
6
形容词词尾
–
ful (careful), -less (careless)
-ish (selfish), -ive (active)
-ous (famous), -able (drinkable)
--ible (audible), -y (easy)
-ese (Chinese, -al (natural)
-ent (different), -ant (important
动词词尾
–
ize (realize), -en (strengthen)
-ify (simplify)
副词词尾
–
ly (luckily), -ward(s) (homeword)
-wise (likewise)
数词词尾
–
teen (fifteen), -ty (thirty),
-th (fourth)
8
词缀、词义与词性
大 多数前缀不影响词根的词性，
而仅仅对词根的意义加以修饰，
表示否定、
相反、
贬低、
向背、程度、时间、方位等意义。
但英语中有几个前缀，如
be-, en/em-, a-
等，并不改变词根的基本意义，而是引起词性
的变化。如：
belittle, befriend, benumb
（使
…
失去知觉，
使
…
麻木）
, enforce, encourage, enslave, enable,
embody, empower, asleep, ablaze
（燃烧，着火）
英语的后缀具有较强的语法作用，
加在词根上构成派生词，
并不改变词根的基本意义，
而是改变了词性。
但也有一些带后缀的派生词仅仅改变词义，而不改变词性。
例如：
Gangster
（
匪徒，
歹徒）
, boyhood, impressionism, kingdom, spoonful, Londoner, machinery,
matting
（粗糙编织物）
, booklet, idealism, friendship, drudgery
（繁重、乏味的工作）
。
一个词缀附加与某一个单词，有两方面特点：
（
1
）某一特定词缀仅与某种词性的词组合，
如
-ative
一般只与动词组合
comparative, informative, preventive, talkative
-ee
只能与动词组合成“被动者”
：
appointee,
employee,
examinee,
invitee,
interviewee,
trainee
-able
也只能与动词组合构成形容词
dependable, movable, adjustable;
（
2
）加上某一词缀后的词属于同一词类，例如：
centralize,
economize,
industrialize,
modernize,
normalize,
realize;
airproof,
fireproof,
lightproof, rainproof, soundproof, waterproof
9
语法层次
(Grammatical hierarchy)
It is usually assumed that the grammar of the English language is organized into five ranks:
the
sentence,
the
clause,
the
phrase,
the
word
and
the
morpheme.
Let
‘
s
look
at
Quirk
‘
s
categorization
first.
According
to
Quirk
et
al.(1985),
units
of
grammar
may
be
placed
in
a
hierarchy of potential size or extensibility as follows:
7
HIGHEST UNIT:
sentences
, which consist of one or more
clauses,
which consist of one or more
phrases
, which consist of one or more
words
, which consist of one or more
LOWEST UNIT:
morohemes
.
By
clause,
Quirk
et al.
include
the
finite
clause
: a
clause
whose
verb
element
is
finite
(such
as
―
takes
‖
,
―
took
‖
,
―
can work
‖
,
―
has worked
‖
,
―
is writing
‖
,
―
was written
‖
), the
nonfinite clause
: a
clause whose verb element is nonfinite (such as
―
to work
‖
,
―
having worked
‖
and
―
taken
‖
) and the
verbless clause
: a clause that does not have a verb element, but is nevertheless capable of being
analyzed into clause elements such as
―
although always helpful
‖
in the sentence: Although always
helpful,
he
was
not
much
liked.
And
they
divide
sentences
into
the
simple
and
the
multiple
.
A
simple sentence consists of a single independent clause and a multiple sentence contains one or
more clauses as its immediate constituents. Multiple sentences are either
compound
or
complex
. In
a compound sentence the immediate constituents are two or more coordinate clauses while in a
complex
sentence
one
or
more
of
its
elements
are
realized
by
a
subordinate
clause.
It
must
be
pointed out that in their classification a sentence with a clause functioning within a phrase (such as
―
You can borrow the car that belongs to my sister
‖
) is regarded as a simple sentence and that a
nonfinite construction (which has a nonfinite verb as its verb element) is considered as a clause.
However, in other traditional grammars, the former is usually viewed as a complex sentence and
the latter a phrase.
语法层次
（
1
）词素
不可再分的最小意义单位。
粘着词素
-ish
，
-s
，
-un
，
-able
自由词素：
book, store
，
explain
book,
store,
bookstore;
-ish, bookish,
-s, books
unexplainable
(2)
词
book;
do;
pretty
（
3
）短语
/
词组
作
为
词和
分
句
之
间
的
中
间
层
次，
词
组
是
按
照
一
定
语
法规
则
围
绕
一
个
中
心
词
(he adheadword)
结合起来的一组词，中心词所属词类决定着词组的
性质、类 别及其结合
方式。所谓“中心词”就是在词组重起支配作用的词，例如名词词组是以名词为中心词，其结合方式受着名词的支配，这种中心词通常要求带有限定词以及修饰成分的其它词项。
A.
名词短语（
NP
）
；中心词为名词的短语。
an interesting
book
;
a very interesting
book
;
a
book
on the table;
the
book
my father bought yesterday
；
all the college
students
;
his new
book
on music
；
8
the tall
boy
sitting in the corner
the author
‘
s new
novel
that will soon come out
B.
动词短语
(VP):
动词短语是以主 动词为中心词的短语。动词短语可能只包括一个主动词或
者主动词带修饰语；也可以由一个或一个以上的 助动词加主动词构成。
She
looks
beautiful.
John
arrived
last night.
They
fully appreciate
our problem.
We
utterly detested
him.
It
is getting
dark.
She
ought to have told
him about it.
The children
might have been playing
in the garden.
Joan
will certainly object
and so will Mary.
I
have rarely reviewed
a more dishonest book.
He
may really have injured
innocent people.
live in China;
live happily;
study hard
C.
形容词短语
(AdjP):
very
good
;
quite
young;
pretty
difficult;
careful
enough
；
too
difficult
for that child
too
hot
to be enjoyable
；
glad
to help you repair the car
D.
副词短语
(AdvP):
very
early
; far
away
;
loudly
and
clearly;
so
slowly
; very
clearl
y indeed;
far
from the station
E.
介词短语
(PrepP)
：
on the table; from your friends; by the window; in the classroom; across the river; at school;
about him; with my father
（
4
）小句
/
分句
“分句＝名词词组 ＋动词词组”的提法与“分句＝主语＋谓语”的提法是一致的：前
者是就分句结构形式而言；后者是就分 句的表意功能而言
(
一个词的语法功能指的是这个词
在句法结构里所能占据的语法位置
)
。分句之所以不同于词组在于前者具有述谓性，而后者
没有这种特性。
正因 为如此，
所谓分句应该是一种主谓结构，
这是分句之所以谓分句的本质
特征。
分句
(clause)==
主语
(subject)+
谓语部分(predicate)
9
主语
=
名词短语
(NP)
谓语部 分
=
谓语动词
(VP)+
宾语部分（
NP
）
Clause
Subject
Predicate
NP
VP
NP
The little girl
is happily eating
a big apple.
分句种类：
A.
独立分句：不依附于其他结构而独立存在的分句。
B.
从属分句：从属于其他结构的分句。
He knows everything about it.
(
独立分句
)
I don
‘
t think
he knows everything about it.
(
从属分句
)
That hat does not fit
; you may try another. (
独立分句
)
If that hat does not fit
, try another. (
从属分句
)
Some of your answers were correct
, but I do not remember which. (
独立分句
)
I do not remember
which of your answers were correct.
(
从属分句
)
His new book will soon come out
. It is on grammar. (
独立分句
)
His new book
that will soon come out
is on grammar. (
从属分句
)
C.
简单分句：
仅包括一个主谓结构的分句。
上述各句的斜体部分都是简单分句；
单独出
现的简单分句也就是“简单句”
。
D.
复杂分句：
带有其他主谓结构作为分 句成分的分句；
一个单独出现的复杂分句也就是
“复
杂句”
。
10
It is not true.
(
独立简单分句
/
简单句
)
What you said is not true.
（独立复杂分句
/
复杂句）
He said
that it was not true.
（从属简单分句）
He complained
that what you said was not true.
（从属复杂分句）
E.
主句和分句
主句是相对于从句而言。
“从句”即从属分句，
可以直接从属于另一个分句，作为分句
成分，也可以从属于一个短语，作为短 语的一部分，例如：
the
book
my
father
bought
yesterday
中
my father bought yesterday
是名词短语的修饰语
（定语）
，
属于名词短语的一部分。带有从属分句作为自己成分的分句便是主句，充当主句的一个成分的分句便是从句。
主句和从句 的关系是相对的
:
在一个复杂结构中是主句的，
在另一个复杂结构中则又可能
是从句，例如：
He complained that what you said was not true.
从句
主句
从句
主句
E.
限定分句、非限定分句、无动词分句
由于分句被看作为一种主谓结构，< br>一个分句的谓语如果是以限定动词
（谓语动词）
为中
心的动词词组表示，
它便是
限定分句
；
如果充当谓语的动词词组中心词是个非限定动词
（非谓语动词）
，这便是
非限定分句
；如果作为分句谓语的动词词组中心词没有表示出 来，而仅
保留被省略的动词的连带成分（通常是主语补语）
，那便是
无动词分句
，如，
I signed the paper
to get the license.
Renee bought a book
to read on the plane
.
It is forbidden
to smoke in this room
.
Can
‘
t you recall
telling me that story last week
？
The man
，
wearing such dark glasses,
obviously could not see clearly.
Leaving the room
, he tripped over the mat.
Covered with confusion
, they apologized abjectly.
（绝望无助，怯懦）
The discussion completed,
the Chairman adjourned the meeting for an hour.
11
一个主谓结构如果不带任何形式的动词短语作谓语动词便是“无动词分句”
。
Hungry and exhausted
, the climbers returned.
Confident of the justice of their cause,
they agreed to put their case before the arbitration panel.
One of the most popular tourist sites in Italy
, Pompei was viewed by nearly two million visitors
last year.
Christmas then only days away,
the family was pent up with excitement.
（
5
）句子
由一个或一个以上构成的语法单位就是句子。
简单句：只包含一个主谓结构而且各个成分均由短语构成的句子。
The students have made better grades in the past few weeks.
The boy can stay in the room only for a few minutes.
如果构成分句成分的短语本身带有从属分句，那么这个句子仍然是简单句。
The students I teach have made better grades in the past few weeks.
但若某个句子成分直接由从属分句表示，那么这种句子便不再是简单句而是复杂句。
The students would have made better grades
if they had studied hard.
The boy can stay in the room
so long as he keeps quiet.
What he said
is not true.
I didn
‘
t understand
what he meant
.
两个或两个以上的简单句由并列连词或其他并列手段连接起来便构成并列句。
Miss Lindstorm came to the party, but Mr and Mrs Sherman did not.
Most of us were in the hall, the doors had been closed, and the latecomers had to wait outside.
一个并列句，如果包含一个或一个以上的复杂句作为并列成分，这便是并列复杂句。
They watched television and enjoyed themselves immensely, but we couldn
‘
t see the program
because our television was broken.
It
would
be
dark
before
he
could
reach
the
village,
and
he
heaved
a
heavy
sigh
when
he
thought of encountering the terrors of Dame Van Wrinkle.
10.
句子成分
句子是表达思想的基本单位， 就象家庭是社会的基本单位一样。只有完整的句子才能
表达完整的思想。句子由单词组成，
但组 成时要遵循一定的规律，
这就是语法。违反了这些
规律，语言即不正确，也就不能正确地表达思 想。因此，每句话都牵涉到语法。就英语书面
语而言，每句话的第一个字母要大写，句末应有句号，若是 问句，末尾应加问号。
汉语也有语法，有些地方 与英语是相似的，但在更多地方是不同的，在学习过程中要
注意两种语言的异同。实际上，学习英语的过 程，也是一个与母语干扰作斗争的过程。
句子总的说来由两部分构成，即主语与谓语部分。
主语
谓语部分
12
We
are Chinese.
Chinese
is our mother tongue.
We
love our motherland.
Everybody
is working hard.
具体地讲，句子主要有以下这些成分：
（
1
）主语
(Subject,
缩写成
S)
——是一句话的中心，整句话都是谈它的情况。
My sister
is a nurse.
Her room
is on the fifth floor.
（
2
）谓语
(Predicate, V)
——是主语的主要情况，可表示动作，也可表示状态。
She
works
in a hospital.
（动作）
She
knows
a little English.
（状态）
（
3
）宾语
(Object, O)
——表示动作的承受者，也可表示动作的结果。
Everybody likes
her
.
She is writing
a letter
now.
（
4
）表语
(Predictive, P)
——说明主语的性质、 特点、状况、身份、位置等的句子成分，和
系动词一道构成谓语。
She is
a conscientious girl
.
（
5
）宾语补足语
Object complement, C)
— —补充说明宾语的性质、特点、状况、身份、动
作、位置等的成分，与宾语一起构成复合宾语。
We made him
our class president
.
The noise was driving him
mad
.
I felt myself
unworthy of the praise
.
I saw him
studying in the classroom
.
I found him
in the library/in low spirit
s.
（
6
）状语
(Adverbial, A)
——修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。
She goes to work
very early
.
She feels
very
happy.
She swims
like a fish
.
Luckily,
she was not in when the fire broke.
（
7
）定语
(Attribute, Attr.)
——修饰名词、不定代词等。
Her
hospital isn‘t very big.
But everybody
in the hospital
works hard.
其中，
S, V, P, O
与
C
是句子成分，
A
有时是句子成分，
有时则是短语
/
词组成分；
Attr.
是短语
/
词组成分；介词的宾语也是短语
/
词组成分。
此外，还有同位语
(Appositive, App.)
、插入语
(Par enthesis)
及呼语
(Vocative)
：
This is my sister
Mary
. (
同位语
)
Mary is a good girl,
they say
. (
插入语
)
Sit down,
Mary
. (
呼语
)
13
第二讲
各
词
类
的
语
法
功
能
1
名词短语
(NP)
(1)
主语（
subject---S
）
[1]
A moment
’
s insight
is sometimes worth
a life
’
s experience
.
[2]
The first half of our life
is ruined by our parents, the second half by our children.
[3]
The
fundamental
defect
of
fathers
is
that
they
want
their
children
to
be
a
credit
to
them.
[4]
The
smallest
actual
good
is
better
than
the
most
magnificent
promises
of
impossibilities.
Love
’
s highest intensity
doesn
’
t necessarily mean its highest quality.
最强烈的爱并不意味着最高质量的爱。
[5] Almost all absurdity of conduct arises from the imitation of those whom we cannot
resemble.
Knowledge
is power.
Where there is
a will
, there is
a way
.
(2)
表语（
predicative----P
）
[6] Life is at best
only a children
’
s game
. Yet the game must be played conscientiously.
[7] Jealousy is
the fear of losing the thing you love most.
It
’
s very normal. Suspicion is
the thing that
’
s abnormal.
Animals are
such agreeable friends
--- they ask no questions, they pass no criticism.
动物是如此令人愉快的朋友
----
它们不提问题，也不说三道四。
[8] Committee is
a group of men who keep minutes and waste hours.
[9] A committee is
a thing which takes a week to do what one good man can do in an hour.
[10] My way of joking is telling the truth; that is the funniest joke in the world.
Ignorance is the mother of all evils.
Smoking is
my only weakness
.
The affair remained
a complete mystery
.
(3)
宾语
(object-----O)
A.
动词宾语
[11] One machine can do
the work of fifty ordinary men
. No machine can do
the work of
one extraordinary man.
Man often applauds
an imitation
, and hiss
the real thing
.
人们往往对假货喝彩，对真品发出嘘声。
Did you get
my letter
?
They agreed to fax us
their proposal
tomorrow.
B.
介词宾语
[12] When he was expected to use his mind, he felt like
a right-handed person who has to
do something with his left.
She majored in
physics
at Yale.
14
He was devoted to
pure science
.
(3)
定语
(attribute----- Attr.)
[13] A man who has never gone to school may steal from a
freight
car, but if he has had
a
university
education, he may steal from the whole railroad.
We bought a new
color
TV
.
Would you like to go to the
flower
show?
(5)
同位语
(appositive----App.)
This is our department head,
Mr. Owe
.
You
girls
sit on this side.
(6)
宾语补足语
(complement-----C)
They elected James
Chairman
.
He painted the door
a brighter color
.
(7)
状语
(Adverbial ---A)
Wait
a minute
. I
‘
ll call her.
We will meet
Monday
.
(8)
呼语（
vocative ----V
）
Morning,
Helen
.
Come in, Mrs Patterson.
(9)
引导状语从句
-----
兼作连词
The day
he returned home, his father was already dead.
Next time
you come, please bring your book.
We
‘
ll leave
the minute
you
‘
re ready.
She came to the scene
the moment
she heard of the accident.
2.
代词
(pron.)
(1) S
This
is our new home.
Both
are from the south.
Who
is on the phone?
(2) O
[14] When people are free to do what they please, they usually imitate each other.
[15] If money is your hope for independence, you will never have it.
[16] You shall have joy, or you shall have power, said God; you shall not have both.
I have read
neither
of the books.
Take good care of
yourself
.
We should help
each other
.
(3) P
That is not
mine
.
Who
is it? --------It
‘
s
me
.
I‘
m not quite
myself
today.
(4) App.
We
both
live in the dorm.
You
yourself
are to blame.
15
He ate them
all
.
(5) V
You
sit here.
Get out,
both of you
.
Be patient,
everybody
.
(6) Attr.
It
‘
s
my
book.
I
‘
ll take
that
shirt.
(7) C
What
do you call it?
You should make what you have learned
yours
.
3.
数词
(Num.)
A.
基数词（
cardinal
）
(1)Attr.
Over
4,650.000
workers were involved in the strike.
(2) S
There were
millions
of blooms.
Two
of the girls are from Shanghai.
Three
will be enough
.
(3) O
I read
four
of her novels.
The city has a population of
three million
.
(4) P
He is
a little over five
.
Its population is nearly
2 million
.
(5) App.
You
two
take these seats.
Have you got tickets for us
three
?
B.
序数词
(ordinal)
(1) Attr.
We live on the
5
th
floor.
We gave a party to celebrate her
twentieth
birthday.
(2) P
Who was
the third
?
You are
the second
to make that mistake.
(3) S
First
went to American team.
The first (one)
was no good,
the second
was even worse.
(4) O
I was among
the first
to learn of this.
She is arriving on
the second of June
.
She got
a third
(
丙级分，不及格分
) in biology.
16
4
介词短语（
Prep.P
）
(1)
Attr.
[17] College students should become tramps
in the spiritual world
but not on campus or in
the streets.
[18] Love is a fan club with only two fans.
[19] Of all forms of caution, caution
in love
is perhaps most fatal to true happiness.
[20] Every rose has its thorn; you never find a woman
without pins and needles.
[21] Notice the difference between what happens when a man says to himself,
“
I have
failed three times
”
and what happens when he says,
“
I am a failure.
”
[22] Nothing in the world is more dangerous than sincere ignorance and conscientious
stupidity.
He is a man
of integrity
.
The skyscraper
in the distance
is a five-star hotel.
(2) A
[23]
Nothing comes
from nothing
.
[24] We should learn grammar through language, not learn language through grammar.
Her eyes were tired
from long reading
.
In all probability
, he will decline your invitation.
（
3
）
P
Men are like that------ they can resist sound argument and yield to a glance.
男人都是那样：他们能置充分的理由于不顾，而屈服于秋波的一闪。
The decision is
of great importance
to me.
Hundreds of new products are
on display
in the shop windows.
(4) C
They found the machine
in a bad state
.
A conceited man always thinks himself
above others
.
(5) O of a preposition
A pretty girl appeared from
behind the curtain.
A snake appeared from
under the rock
.
5.
形容词短语
(Adj.P)
(1) Attr.
He is
the greatest
writer
alive
.
Someone
else
has done it.
[25] Many of us no longer have the peace of mind necessary to a quiet hour with a book.
Ignorance
is
the
necessary
condition
of
life
itself.
If
we
knew
everything,
we
could
not
endure existence for a single hour.
（
2
）
P
[26] Journalism largely consists in saying
“
Lord Jones Dead
”
to people who never knew
that Lord Jones was
alive
.
The bird
‘
s song is
very sweet
.
He remained
silent
at the meeting.
(3) C
形容词作主语补足语和宾语补足语时，
可以表示其现状、
状态，
也可以表示某一动作的结
果（
eg. Knoch sb senseless
）
，并常用在表示“认为、看待”的动词如
believe, prove, consider
等后。
[27]
As
the faculty
of writing
has
been
chiefly
a
masculine
endowment,
the
reproach of
17
making the world
miserable
has always been thrown upon the woman.
[28] When you make a world tolerable for yourself, you make a world tolerable for others.
The news made her
very sad
.
The bottle was found
empty
.
The facts proved his accusation
groundless
.
He died
young
.
Don
‘
t marry
young
.
She came back
sick
.
He beat her
black and blue
.
He acted strange.
He sat
silent
at the meeting.
He likes to drink wine
hot
.
The farmer sold the oranges
green
.
(5) A
形容词作状语可看作是
be ing
或
if/when/because
等从句的省略
Ripe
, the oranges will sell at a good price.
Alice tiptoed to the bed,
careful not to wake the baby
.
Cheerful and warm-hearted
, she gave help to a lot of people.
Eager to see the sunrise
, they got up at four.
Large or small
, all countries are equal.
Breathless,
she rushed in through the back door.
Angry with him,
she complained all day.
He approached,
careless of danger
.
Young in years
, he is old in experience.
6.
副词短语
(Adv.P)
(1)
A----
修饰
v, adj, adv, prep, conj, sentence
He runs
fast
.
The book is
very
interesting.
[29] Miracles sometimes occur, but one has to work
terribly hard
for them.
[30] Although it is dangerous to have too much knowledge of certain subjects, it is still
more dangerous to be
totally
ignorant of them.
[31]
History
is,
indeed,
little
more
than
register
of
crimes,
follies,
and
misfortunes
of
mankind.
The bus came
quite
early.
He knocked the man
right
out.
他把那个人完全打败了。
They left her
well
behind.
She left
shortly
after the meeting.
He is
much
against the proposal.
He made his application
well
within the time.
他按时递交了申请书。
She failed
entirely
through her own fault.
He fell ill
mainly
because he ate too much.
I heard of her
long
before I met her.
They caught him
exactly
when he got off the bus.
Happily
, he was not in the house then.
Frankly,
I don‘t agree with you.
Ordinarily
we eat breakfast at seven.
Hopefully
we can get this work done before dark.
(2) P---
只有与介词拼写相同的副词才能作表语及宾补。
Time is
up
.
The book will be
out
（出版）
soon.
Jack was
down
with a fever.
Is the TV
on
?
What‘s
up
?
School is
over
.
The village is 10 miles
off
.
Oranges are now
in
(
上市
).
（
3
）
C
Please ask her
in
.
I went to her room only to find her
out
.
The woman walked along the river with her head
down
.
It was a quiet night, with the moon high
up
in the sky.
(4) Attr.---
以
-ly
结尾的副词不能作定语，副词作定语一般后置
The buildings
around
are of modern style.
The students
there
are from India.
I met her on the way
home
.
This is my first day
off
.
18
I saw her the week
before
.
Her life
abroad
was colorful.
the way
ahead
/the hall
downstairs
/
the neighbors
upstairs
但是
The
up
train leaves at 8.
She flew to a
far
country.
Who was the
then
president?
She had
inside
information about it.
an
away
match
(5) O of a preposition
Please put the key under
there
.
She looked everywhere except
there
.
You can leave the goods anywhere but
here
.
A cry from
above
warned me of the danger.
Come over
here
!
He lived not far from
here
.
Don‘t put off till t
omorrow
what can be done today.
It happened the day before
yesterday
.
come up from below
I don‘t know her until
quite recently
.
另外一些副词可修饰某些不定代词和数词
Nearly
everybody came to our party.
They have improved
roughly
half their equipment.
Virtually
all the students participated in the discussion.
We counted
approximately
the first thousand votes.
有时还可以修饰名词，置 于“不定冠词
+
名词”之前，勇于增强语气。这类副词最常用的有
quite
和
rather
We had
quite
a party.
我们举行了一个蛮好的晚会。
It was a
rather
mess.
事情相当糟。
Even
a child can understand that.
7.
限定动词短语
(finite VP)----
作谓语
V
She
works
in a hospital.
（动作）
She
knows
a little English.
（状态）
They
have been working
on the project for many years.
How did things
turn out
?
I
’
m running up against
(
遇到
)problems.
You
needn
’
t worry
.
They
aren
’
t going to make
any concessions.
She
doesn
’
t seem to
like the idea.
We
used to work
in the same department.
He
is said to know
many languages.
8.
非谓语动词
/
非限定动词短语
(non-finite VP)
A
动名词短语（
gerund----G
）
(V-ing)
：
S/ P/ O/ Attr
B
动词不定式短语
(infinitive---Inf)
：
S
P
O
C
A
Attr
C
分词
(participle----Part.) (V-ing, V-ed)
：
A
P
C
Attr
9.
从句（
clause
）
A
名词性从句
(nominal clauses)
主语从句——
S
宾语从句——
O
表语从句——
P
同位语从句——
App.
B
定语从句——
Attr.
C
状语从句——
A
19
第三讲
句
子
成
分
(Clause Elements)
1.
主语
S---
一句话的中心，整句话都谈它的情况。
(1)
NP
[1] Waste of time is the most extravagant and costly of all expenses.
[2]
A beggar
can never be bankrupt.
[3]
One machine
can do the work of fifty ordinary men. No
machine
can do the work of
one extraordinary man.
[4]
The whole significance of life
lies in the unremitting efforts to explore the unknown
and become wise.
[5] Perfection of means and confusion of ends seem to characterize our age.
[6] A verbal contract isn
’
t worth the paper it
’
s written on.
Our plane
is taking off in five minutes.
Beijing
is a beautiful city.
(2) Pron.
Who
is speaking, please?
Both
were offered jobs immediately.
(3)Num.
One-tenth of the population
are elderly people.
Two
will be enough.
(4) G
Singing
is one of my interests.
There is no
denying the fact
.
(5) Inf
To act like that
is childish.
It
‘
s better
to be on the safe side
.
（保险行事）
(6)
Subject clause
What I sa
y goes!
（我说了算）
Whether it is a good plan
remains to be seen.
(7)
名词化的其他词类
The unemployed
lead a hard life.
The old
are taken good care of in China.
2.
谓语
V
——主语的主要情况，可表动作，也可表状态
（
1
）简单谓语——一个动词或成语动词构成
Time flies.
/ I know him.
We
’
ve
long
been hoping
to visit your country.
He
has fallen in love with
her.
I
would like
to say a few words in this regard.
(2)
复合谓语——情态动词
+
动词
——
Inf
Can
you
speak
English?
20
You
needn
’
t worry.
They
ought to have stopped
at the traffic lights.
She
didn
’
t have to go
there in person.
Do
you
happen to know
her telephone number?
She
doesn
’
t seem to like
the idea.
We
are likely to fall
behind.
3.
表语
P
——说明主语的性质、特征、状态、身份等。
（
1
）
NP
Life is at best
only a children
’
s game
. Yet the game must be played conscientiously.
向别人表达良好的意愿是最高雅的风度，即使表达得极其笨拙也不例外。
[7] Not ignorance, but the ignorance of ignorance, is
the death of knowledge.
[8] I
’
ve never been poor, only broke. Being poor is
a frame of mind
. Being broke is
only a
temporary situation
.
[9] Failure is not the only punishment for laziness; there is also the success of others.
[10] No great man lives in vain. The history of the world is but the biography of great
men.
What nationality
is this man?
Now she looks
a grown-up young woman
.
(2)
Pron.
[11] A rich man is nothing but a poor man with money.
Seventy-four! You don
‘
t look
it
.
Oh, that
‘
s
nothing
.
(3) Num.
She
‘
s now
twenty
.
You
‘
ll be
the first
to speak.
(4) Adj.P
No manners are
finer
than even the most awkward manifestations of good will to others.
向别人表达良好的意愿是最高雅的风度，即使表达得极其笨拙也不例外。
The children mustn
‘
t go
hungry
.
She looked
nervous and apologetic
.
(5) Adv.P
She
‘
ll be
along
in a minute.
（一会儿来）
He
‘
s
down
with bronchitis
（气管炎）
.
(6) Prep.P
[12] He that is not jealous is not in love.
[13] If we cannot love unconditionally, love is already
in a critical condition
.
To endeavor to work upon the vulgar with fine sense is
like attempting to hew blocks with
a razor.
力图用精微的感受打动凡夫俗子，犹如试图用剃刀劈开大块木头。
The proof of the pudding is
in the eating
.
(7) Part.
The year
‘
s sales figures are quite
encouraging
.
The glass is
broken
.
21
She is
gone
.
The sun is
set
.
(8)G
.
Her hobby is
painting
.
His first job had been
selling computers
.
(9) Inf.
All you have to do is
to listen
.
My plan is
to go from Egypt to India
.
(10) Clause
[14] Bad men do what good men only dream.
This is
where our basic interest lies
.
Sophia
‘
s idea was
that they should lock up the house
.
4.
宾语
O
——表动作的承受者，也可表动作的结果
(1) NP
[15] A brave man risks
his life
, but not
his conscience
.
Show your
boarding cards
, please.
May I have
your attention
, please?
(2) Pron.
Do you want
anything
to drink?
I want
a little
.
(3) Num.
I need two.
They laid off
one-third of their workers
.
(4)
名词化形容词等
Take
the injured
to hospital immediately.
Respect
the old
and cherish
the young
.
[16]
Life
is
easier
than you
think;
all
that
is
necessary
is
to
accept
the
impossible,
do
without the indispensable, and bear the intolerable.
[17] American motion pictures are written by the half- educated for the half-witted.
(5) G
.
We avoided
talking about the subject
.
She enjoyed
being praised
.
(6) Inf.
He offered
to carry my bags
.
Hope
to see you soon.
(7) Clause
See
that everything is ready by ten
.
Did you write down
what she said
?
5.
宾语补足语
C
——某些及物动词除要求带宾语外，有时还需要有一个成 分补充说明宾语
的动作、状态、性质、特征等，意思才完整，该成分就是宾语补足语。
(1)Adj.P
22
[18] Nothing in the world renders a man
indispensable
save love.
[19] Learning makes a good man better and an ill man worse.
He said waltzes made him
dizzy
.
She had proved them all
wrong
.
(2) NP/Pron
He appointed her
Secretary of State
.
They call this
numerical control
.
[20]
Reading
furnishes
the
mind
only
with
the
materials
of
knowledge;
it
is
thinking
makes what we read
ours
.
[21] As cause sheer reading-matter, I still find the English dictionary
the most interesting
books in our language.
[22] When a subject becomes totally obsolete, we make it a required course.
(3) Adv
You don
‘
t find him
in
at this time.
(4) Prep.P
I found her
in excellent condition
.
LI found her
in the classroom
.
(5) Inf
He told me
to be cautious
.
I often saw him
do this
.
(6) Part.
Man will do many things to get himself loved; he will do all things to get himself envied.
为了赢得别人的爱，人们愿意付出努力；为了让人羡慕，人们会补遗余力。
[23] You can get a lot more done with a kind word and a gun, than with a kind word
alone.
He saw two men
fighting in the street
.
I
‘
ll get your blood
tested
.
6.
状语
A
——修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词或这个句子。
（
1
）
Adv.P
She welcomed us
warmly
.
You
‘
re
quite
wrong.
(2) Prep.P
She did this
out of kindness
.
We discovered it
by chance
.
(3) Inf.
They did everything they could
to save her life
.
I
‘
m very pleased
to have made your acquaintance
.
(4) Part.
Please fill in the card,
giving all the information required
.
Compared to many women
, she was very fortunate.
(5) Adj.P
23
He rushed over,
eager to help
.
Enthusiastic
, they are quite cooperative.
(6)NP
She jumped
two meters
.
She nursed him
day and night
.
This morning
I got up early.
(7) Absolute construction of Part.
That being the case
, we
‘
ll have to put off the meeting.
He dashed into the room,
gun in hand
.
(8) Adverbial clause
Patient as he was
, he had no intention of waiting for three hours.
7.
定语
(Attribute)
——修饰名词
(1) Adj.P
She is a
responsible
girl.
The girl
responsible
was expelled.
(2) Pron.
Whos
e fault is it?
This could change
our
lives.
(3) Num.
She bought
two
kilos of apples.
Our office is on
the 15
th
floor.
(4) Noun or its possessive case
They are going to send a
trade
delegation to China.
What
‘
s
your government
’
s
view about it?
(5) Inf.
Perhaps in years
to come
we shall meet again.
There are a lot of things
to be done
.
(6) G
a
washing
machine/a
walking
stick/a
reading
room
(7) Part.
There is a door
leading to the garde
n.
What do you think of the proposal
put forward by the Green Party
?
（
8
）
Prep.P
[24] There is no great concurrence between learning and wisdom.
[25]
The
lust
for
power,
for
dominating
others,
inflames
the
heart
more
than
any
other
passion.
That has no relation to the matter
under discussion.
Plans
for the weekend
are still tentative.
(9) Adv
The buildings
around
were badly damaged.
The scenery
up
at the lake is just breathtaking. (
湖上风光令人惊讶。
)
(10)
词组或合成词
24
Is there anything
the matter with you
?
They were mostly
well-to-do
farmers.
(11)
定语从句
(relative/attributive clause)
[26] One can always recognize women who trust their husbands,. They look so thoroughly
unhappy.
There are a number of factors
we
’
re to consider.
This is the only reference book
I find useful
.
8.
同位语
(appositive)
(1) NP
[27] We live in a fantasy world,
a world of illusion
. The great task in life is to find reality.
Mr. Li
our director
has gone to shanghai.
You girls are much more active than us boys.
(2) Pron.
We each put forward a proposal.
(3) Num.
You three sit there.
(4) Adj.P
People, old and young, came out to greet the distinguished vistors.
(5) Xiao Yan, normally a timid girl, argued heatedly with them about it.
Formerly a worker himself, he is now an engineer.
25
第四讲
基本句型
Basic Clause Types
SVP
1 S+V+Adj.P
2 S+V+NP
3 S+V+Pron.
4 S+V+Num.
5 S+V+Prep.P
6 S+V+Adv.
7 S+V+Inf.P
8 S+V+GP
9 S+V+Present Part.
10 S+V+Past Part.
11 S+V+P-clause
12 S+V+Adj+Prep.P
13 S+V+Adj+Inf.P
14 S+V+Adj+Clause
1 S+V+Adj.P
[1] Happy families are
alike
; every unhappy family is
unhappy
in its own way.
[2] All work, even cotton spinning, is
noble
. Work is alone
noble
.
[3] You cannot adopt politics as a profession and remain
honest
.
He has gone mad/blind.
She looked quite cheerful/a little tired.
2 S+V+NP
All this worldly wisdom was once
the unamiable heresy of some wise man.
这个世俗世界的所有智慧都曾经是某个聪明人不可调和的异端邪说。
[4] Life is
a one-way street
, and we are not coming back.
[5]
Laughter
is
much
more
important
than
applause.
Applause
is
a
duty
.
Laughter
is
a
reward
.
[6] I have always observed that to succeed in the world one should seem
a fool
, but be wise.
[7] Man
’
s best possession is
a loving wife
.
[8] People who cannot bear to be alone are generally
the worst company.
[9] Politics is
the conduct of public affairs for private advantage.
[10] Our lives are
but our marches to our graves.
[11] Leisure is the mother of philosophy.
He proved
a trustworthy friend
.
You
‘
re looking
a different person
.
3 S+V+Pron.
Seventy-four! You don
‘
t look it.
It
‘
s something to be home again without an accident.
4 S+V+Num.
My daughter is sixteen next month.
Tom was third.
5 S+V+Prep.P
His show is on the air at 6.
The Conservatives were once more in power.
6 S+V+Adv.
[12] When the candles are
out
all women are fair.
26
I
‘
m off to Europe on Monday.
Sales are down.
7 S+V+Inf.P
[13] The true pleasure of life is to live with your inferiors.
All you have to do is to press this button.
My plan is to go from Egypt to India.
8 S+V+GP
My aunt
‘
s hobby is growing roses.
His first job had been selling home computers.
9 S+V+Present Part.
This food looks inviting.
She remained standing for a good hour.
10 S+V+Past Part.
Jealousy is always born with love, but does not always die with it.
She don
‘
t look convinced.
The glass is broken.
After a time I grew dissatisfied with the wirk.
11 S+V+P-clause
A husband is what is left of a man after the nerve is extracted.
丈夫者，没有胆量之男子也。
That
‘
s where we differ.
Money is what they are after.
12 S+V+Adj+Prep.P
[14] Winter is in my head, but spring is in my heart.
[15] Wealth is like seawater; the more we drink, the thirstier we become and the same is true
of fame.
[16] An idea that is not dangerous is unworthy of being called an idea at all.
We are short of funds.
He proved equal to the task.
She looked astonished at the news.
[17] The amount of eccentricity in a society has generally been proportionate
to the amount
of genius, mental vigor, and moral courage it contains.
[18] The man who tried his best and failed is superior to the man who never tried.
13 S+V+Adj+Inf.P
[19] If a man hasn
’
t discovered something that he will die for, he isn
’
t fit to live.
She was eager to see her people.
Glass is liable to break.
He
‘
s always ready to help people.
14 S+V+Adj+Clause
You must be aware that what you are doing is illegal.
He
‘
s doubtful whether he can afford it.
He
‘
s confident that he will pass the exam.
27
SV
1 S+Vi
2 SV
A
3 S+Vi+Adv
4 S+Vi (
主动含被动之意
)
5 S+Vi+Inf.P
1 S+Vi
It doesn
‘
t pay.
The blind don
‘
t see.
Tom is sleeping.
I
‘
ll try.
[20] Peace begins just when ambition ends.
[21] Power tends to corrupt and
absolute power corrupts
absolutely.
2
SV
A
（有些不及物动词后需一状语意思才完整）
He lived in China.
He lived then.
He
‘
ll be flying to Shanghai.
She swims like a fish.
The train leaves at 7.
She often dreams.
They stayed in a hotel.
3 S+Vi+Adv
（成语动词）
The engine broke down.
The economic crisis broke out first in the US.
4 S+Vi (
主动含被动之意
)
[22] A best-seller was a book which somehow sold well simply because it was selling well.
Cheese cuts easily.
The window won
‘
t shut.
She photographs well.
The book sells well.
The shoes wear well
The pen writes smoothly.
Does the cloth wash well?
The door blew open.
The vegetables are cooking.
5 S+Vi+Inf.P
I shudder to think of the problem ahead of us. (
原因
)
He smiled to see the children so happy. (
原因
)
He woke to find himself alone in the house.
（结果）
He lived to see many changes.
（结果）
We eat to live not live to eat.
（目的）
We stayed to see what would happen.
（目的）
He hesitated to phone her.
（方面）
I
can‘
t wait to read his latest novel.
（方面）
He failed to keep his promises.
（方面）
He agreed to come at once.
（方面）
He volunteered to join the army.
（方面）
I hasten to tell you that your son is not badly hurt, although it was a serious accident.
（方面）
Note: there be
句型中的
there
是引导词，无意义，
be
不是连系 动词，它的意思是“存在”
，
该句型为
SV
的倒装结构。
[23] There is no formula for success. But there is a formula for failure and that is trying to
please everybody.
There
is
an
ABC
ignorance
which
precedes
knowledge
and
doctoral
ignorance
which
comes after it.
粗浅的无知出现在知识之前，而博学的无知则出现在其后。
[24] There are no warlike peoples, just warlike leaders.
[25] There are only two races on this planet ----the intelligent and the stupid.
28
SVO
1 S+Vt+NP/Pron
2 S+Vt+Reflexive Pron.
3 S+Vt+O+A
4 S+Vt+Coganate Object
5 S+Phrasal V+O
6 S+Vt+Inf.P
7 S+Vt+GP
8 S+Vt+O-clause
1 S+Vt+NP/Pron
[26] Every society honors its live conformists and its dead troublemakers.
[27] A diplomat is a man who always remembers a woman
’
s birthday but never remembers
her age.
[28] Ordinary people find no difference between men.
[29] Marriage, if one will face
the truth
, is an evil, but a necessary evil.
[30] If you are losing
your leisure
, look out. You may be losing
your soul
.
（
1
）
Do you know these people?
(2)
有些
Vt+N
构成成语，有特别的意思。
This theory doesn
‘
t hold water.
This sentence doesn
‘
t make sense.
The idea took root in his mind.
When will the drug take effect?
He always takes offence at any kind of criticism.
2 S+Vt+Reflexive Pron.
(1)
有许多动词可以用反身代词作宾语
I can
‘
t express myself in English.
He often contradicts himself.
They blamed themselves for the accident.
(2)
有些
Vt+Reflexive Pron
已构成固定词组
Don
‘
t overwork yourself.
She prided herself on her financial success.
She busied herself tidying up her desk.
Why did you absent yourself from school yesterday?
They seated themselves on the bench.
3
S+Vt+O+A
（有些及物动词后面需要一个状语意思才完整）
[31] Old age puts more wrinkles in our minds than on the faces.
I put the material evidence in front of him.
He treated her badly.
4 S+Vt+Coganate Object
Alice laughed a scornful laugh.
He smiled a strange smile.
As he slept, he dreamed a terrible dream.
She closed her eyes and wished a wish.
She lived a long happy life and died a natural death.
5 S+Phrasal V+O
(1) Vt+Adv
[32] The university brings out all abilities, including stupidity.
He had carried out instructions to the letter.
We can put off the meeting.
(2) Vi+Prep.
They will not agree to that arrangement.
I don
‘
t object to the idea.
29
We
‘
ll look into this matter together.
(3)Vi+Prep+NP
Thus the organization came into being.
The treaty will come into force next month.
The spring term had come to an end.
The old building was falling into pieces.
He rose to his feet to reply to the speech of welcome.
(4) Vi+Adv+Prep
We shouldn
‘
t look down on this work.
The children were eagerly looking forward to the party.
He
‘
ll carry on with his plan.
(5)Vt+N+Prep.
A bad workman finds fault with his tools.
Suddenly he caught sight of Mary.
We
‘
ve lost touch with him.
(6)Vt+Reflxive Pron.+Prep.
Finally he avenged himself on the enemy.
Help yourself to some more meat.
He applied himself to the task before him.
He had to accustom himself to the cold weather here.
She dedicated/devoted herself to helping the poor.
6 S+Vt+Inf.P
I don
‘
t expect to find you here.
He explained how to use the machine.
He promised to see her home.
7 S+Vt+GP
Why have they delayed opening the new school? I can
‘
t imagine lying like this. I would go crazy.
8 S+Vt+O-clause
I guess we
‘
ll leave now.
I hope that I have said nothing to pain you.
I wonder whether/if you would give me some advice.
Do you see now why I did it?
I‘
ll see whether I can find time to do it.
You can do whatever you like.
SVOO
1 S+V+N/Pron+N
2 S+V+N/Pron+O-clause
[33] If you do not plant knowledge when young, it will give
us
no shade
when we are old.
1 S+V+N/Pron+N
(1)
有些间接宾语可改为
to
引导的短语
She gave me her telephone number.
She gave a job to John.
He handed the letter to me/handed me the letter.
(2)
有些间接宾语可改为
for
引导的短语
She sang us a folk song/a folk song for us.
I
‘
ll make you some fresh tea/some fresh tea for you.
(3)
有些间接宾语则不能改为
to/for
引导的短语
I envy you good luck.
They fined her $$20.
Careless driving cost him life.
She kissed her mother goodbye.
I
‘
ll stay and keep you company.
I mean you no harm.
The teacher set us a difficult problem.
30
2 S+V+N/Pron+O-clause
Tell him I
‘
m out.
I
‘
ll remind her that we are meeting at 8.
Our teacher notified us that there won
‘
t be a test on Monday.
Please advise me whether I ought to go with them.
Show me where your leg hurts.
SVOC
1 S+V+O+AdjP
2 S+V+O+NP
3 S+V+O+Prep.P
4 S+V+O+Adv.
5 S+V+O+Inf.P
6 S+V+O+Present Part.
7 S+V+O+Past Part
1 S+V+O+Adj.P
(1) He found his new job rather boring.
Good food keeps you healthy.
Facts have proved these worries groundless.
Men are not always made thoughtful by books; but they are generally made thoughtful
by association with men who think.
(2) it
作形式宾语代替不定式短语
/
宾语从句
I found it difficult to satisfy their needs.
I felt it necessary to make everything clear.
Germany made it clear that she would support OPEC.
I think it likely that we will get a certain amount of money.
2 S+V+O+NP
(1) We elected Smith our chairman.
They appointed him chairman of the committee.
We all consider the book a masterpiece.
(2) it
作形式宾语代替不定式短语
/
宾语从句
He felt it his duty to mention this to her.
He made it a rule to go jogging every morning.
I felt it a terrible thing that my mother should have to toil so endlessly.
3 S+V+O+Prep.P
I found her in better spirits when we met again.
They soon got the fire under control.
4 S+V+O+Adv.
I
‘
m having some friends over for bridge tomorrow.
Don
‘
t leave me behind.
They declared the war over.
5 S+V+O+Inf.P
(1) He urged me to join their company.
What causes an object to fall onto the ground?
She asked me to answer the phone in her absence.
I wrote him to come at once.
[34] To take a wife merely as an agreeable and rational companion will commonly be found
to be a grand mistake.
(2)
有些动词后的不定式只能用
to be
We thought him to be an honest man.
Do you consider that to be important?
31
She found this to be true in all the cities she visited.
They suspected her to be my sister.
They believe Tom to be innocent.
(3)
但这些动词后可用其他不定式的完成或进行式
He believed them to have discussed the problem.
He believed her to be telling the truth.
She suspected him to be lying.
She suspected me to have done it.
(4)
（某些动词后不定式符号
to
省略）
What makes you tremble so?
Suddenly we felt the atmosphere grow tense.
(5)
个别成语动词可跟复合宾语
He called on Jack to answer the difficult question.
I
‘
m counting on you to support us.
We depend on you to do it.
He pleaded with me to go back.
We
‘
re waiting for the train to stop.
Nowadays we rely increasingly on computers to help us/for help.
6 S+V+O+Present Part.
He found Helen knitting there.
I could smell trouble coming.
She looked at him waiting here.
Can you imagine me doing such a thing?
7 S+V+O+Past Part.
He watched the piano carried upstairs.
I have heard it said that he is a miser.
He can
‘
t make himself understood.
Father has had his hands burned.
He kept his eyes shut and stayed where he was.
I noticed his car parked outside.
I have seen that method applied to many people.
He felt himself compelled to take his action.
刘润清
从二年级起，老师还要求我们用英英词典。我记得第一次拿到
Advanced
Learners
‘
Dictionary
时，查了一两个词，心 里就十分激动：我可以用英文解释英文了！初用英英词典
时，当然也遇到不少困难。为了查一个词，不知 道要查多少其他词。有时查来查去，就忘了
最初是要查哪一个词了。但是，英英词典使我们看到了英汉词 典中解释的局限性和误导性。
从根本上说，
查完英汉词典和汉英词典，
并不能够真正学 会使用一个词。
只有查一部好的英
英词典，
才能真正搞清一个词的确切含义和用法。< br>随着词汇量的扩大，
使用英语词典的兴致
也越来越高。有时，查上瘾来，会查上个把小时 ，忘记了正在读的文章。那时，
我们都把
Advanced
Learners
’
Dictionary
上标的
２５个句型背得滚瓜烂熟
。总之，查英英词典本身
就是在学地道的英文。
Oxford Advanced Learner
’
s English-Chinese Dictionary
Verb Pattern Scheme
（动词模式表）
(1) La (Linking verb + Adj)
The soup was delicious.
(2) Ln (Linking V+NP)
Frank became a teacher.
(3) I (Vi)
France is reading.
(4) Ipr (Vi+Prep.P)
People are complaining about the traffic.
32
(5) Ip (Vi+Adv)
The monkeys chattered away.
(6) In/pr (Vi+Np/Prep.P)
The meeting lasted three hours/for three hours.
(7) It (Vi+to-Inf.P)
Fack hesitated to phone the office.
(8) Tn (Vt+NP)
A small boy opened the door.
(9) (Vt+NP + Prep.P)
The accused convinced the court of his innocence.
(10) Tn.p (Vt+NP+Adv)
The nurse shook the medicine up.
(11) Tf (Vt+that-clause)
Officials believe that a settlement is possible.
(12) Tw (Vt+wh-clause/wh-phrase)
We hadn
‘
t decided what we ought to do next/what to do next.
(13)Tt (Vt+Inf.P)
Mary hates to drive in rush-hour.
(14) Tnt (Vt+NP+to-Inf. P)
I expect the parcel to arrive tomorrow.(
不是主语动作的结果
)
(15) Tg (Vt+ GP)
Peter enjoys playing football.
(16) Tsg (Vt+N(
‗
s)+GP)
We dread Mary/Mary
‘
s taking over the business.
(17) Tng (Vt+N+Present Part.)
She spotted a man waving in the crowd. (
不是主语动作的结果
)
（
18
）
Tni (Vt+N+
不带
to
的
Inf.P)
We watched the men unpack the china. (
不是主语动作的结果
)
(19) Cn.a (
复合及物动词
Vc+N+Adj.P)
The fridge keeps the beer cool.
(20) (Vc+N+-ed Part.)
You must make your view known.
(21)Cn.n (Vc+N+N)
The court considered Smith a trustworthy witness.
(22)Cn.n/a (Vc+N+as+N/Adj.)
The police didn
‘
t accept the story as the truth/as genuine.
(23)Cn.t (Vc+N+to-Inf)
The thief forced Jane to hand over the money.(
主语动作的结果
)
(24)Cn.g (Vc+N+-ing Part)
The police got the traffic moving. (
主语动作的结果
)
(25)Cn.i (Vc+N+
不带
to
的
Inf)
Mother won
‘
t let the children play in the road. (
主语动作的结果
)
(26)Dn.n (
双及物动词
Vd+N+N)
Henri taught the children French.
(27) (Vd+N+prep.P)
Henri taught French to the children.
(28)Dn.f (Vd+N+that-clause)
Colleagues told Paul that the job wouldn
‘
t be easy.
(29)Dpr.f (Vd+prep.P+that-clause)
Employers announced to journalists that the dispute had been settled.
(30)Dn.w (Vd+N+wh- clause/wh-phrase)
The
porter
reminded
guests
where
they
should
leave
their
luggage/where
to
leave
their
luggage.
(31)Dpr.w (Vd+prep.P +wh-clause/wh-phrase)
You should indicate to the team where they are to assemble/where to assemble.
(32)Dn.t (Vd+N+to- Inf.P)
The director warned the actors not to be late. (
主语动作的结果
)
(33) Dpr.t (Vd+prep.P+to-Inf.P)
Fred signaled to the waiter to bring another chair.
33
第五讲
动词概说
动词种类：
系动词
(link-verbs)
及物动词
(transitive verbs----vt)
不及物动词
(intransitive verbs---- vi)
兼作及物动词与及物动词的动词
(ergative verbs)
双(
宾
)
及物动词
(ditransitive/double- transitive verbs)
复合及物动词
(complex- transitive verbs)
成语动词
(phrasal verbs)
1
系动词
(link-verbs)
(1)
说明主语处于什么样的状态，
具有什么样的属性、
特征，
包括
be, look, appear, seem, feel,
sound, taste, smell
Now she looked a grown-up young woman.
He appeared quite well.
It appears (to be) a true story.
It appeared that he had an unusual taste for music.
She seems happy to me.
She seemed lacking in enthusiasm.
I
‘
ve been feeling awfully bad about it.
The meat tastes good.
Your idea sounds (like) a good one.
Roses smell sweet.
It sounded like Beethoven.
The soup smells of garlic.
(2)
说明主语所处状态的转变或证明
/
结果怎样，包括
become, get, turn, grow, go, come, fall,
run, prove, turn out, etc.
They became dizzy with the momentary
―
victory
‖
.
The weather is getting quite warm.
It
‘
s getting near dinner-time.
He turned rather pink.
He has turned a traitor to his country.
These ideas have grown out of date.
The noise grew louder.
She went pale at the news.
His dream has come true.
Soon she fell asleep.
I have run short of money.
The well ran dry.
It might prove the best plan.
The extra room proved useful.
He has turned out (to be) a very able man.
(3)
说明主语保持着某种状态。包括
remain, keep, stay, rest, continue.
She still remains unconvinced.
The door remained closed.
The problem remained unsolved.
Why he did it will remain a puzzle forever.
The weather is keeping fine.
He stayed single for many years.
The affair rests a mystery.
The weather continued to be fine for some days.
The shop stays open until 9 o
‘
clock.
The temperature has stayed hot this week.
34
2
及物动词
Vt
(1)
这类动词通常都跟有宾语。
She committed a serious error.
They were busy making artificial flowers.
The child needed constant attention.
Where did you put the key?
(2)
有些及物动词以表示人的名词或代词作宾语。
I
‘
ll contact you as soon as I arrive.
Her attitude surprised me.
He often teased his sister.
Her words comforted the sobbing boy.
常见的这类动词有：
anger, comfort, contact, frighten, interest, shock, suit, surprise, tease, thank,
warm
(3)
还有些及物动词和一个介词短语或副词连用。
Shakespeare compared the world to a stage.
This song reminded me of my childhood.
I couldn
‘
t rid myself of this melancholy mood.
He promised to treat us to dinner.
(4)
有几个及物动词和许多名词一道表示动作， 这类动词称为虚意动词
(delexical verbs)
最常见的有：
have, give, take, make
例如
make
可以与以下名词搭配：
advance, answer, apology, appeal, appearance, arrangement, arrest, appointment, attack, attempt,
change,
choice,
comment,
comparison,
concession,
change,
deal,
decision,
demand,
distinction,
confession,
effort,
enquiry,
examination,
excuse,
experiment,
explanation,
fight,
fuss,
guess,
go,
inspection,
investigation,
love,
mention,
move,
noise,
objection,
proposal,
protest,
preparation,
progress, promise, purchase, recovery, reference, remark, reply, resolution, sacrifice, scene, search,
slip, start, statement, study, success, suggestion, trip, visit
等。
（
5
）动词
do
可以带许多名词 作宾语，意思随后面的名词而变化。
Go and do your hair.
Have you done your teeth?
She was doing the dishes.
Can you do the room now?
When are you to do the windows?
He found her doing the flowers.
Do they do science at school?
He
‘
s learning to do sums.
The group is dong
―
Macbeth
‖
?
We did two concerts last week.
Have you done the Tower?
We did Spain in two weeks.
He does seventy-five on the freeway.
We did the journey in six hours.
He did ten years for armed robbery.
The barber will do you next.
He does his guests well.
That shopkeeper did me.
He has done an excellent article.
She did some pretty sketches.
Jane did most of the talking.
Who does the cooking?
She
‘
s doing her knitting.
（
6
）另有一动词在英语及物，汉语中不及物
He married the daughter of a millionaire. (
与
…
.
结婚
)
He greeted me with a nod.
（与
…
.
打招呼）
Is she old enough to dress herself yet?(
给
…
穿衣服
)
He excels his opponents at playing chess. (
比
…
.
高明
)
35
He survived the car accident. (
幸存
)
Serve one
‘
s country
（为
…
服务）
3
不及物动词
Vi
(1)
这类动词都不跟宾语
I think, therefore I
am
. (
我思故我在。
)
Whatever
is
is right.
（凡存在的都是合理的。
）
I itch all over.
She flushed and made no answer.
When did it happen?
He was shivering all over.
(2)
有些动词在大多数情况下用作
Vi
，间或用作
Vt
， 这是意思不同
She doesn
‘
t run fast.
She runs a store.
They advanced 40 miles.
He advanced a new theory.
The sun is shining.
Shine your shoes.
Why are you crying?
She cried herself to sleep.
还有少数动词通常作不及物动词，但可跟同源宾语，如
laugh, smile, dream, sleep, die, live
等
(3)
还有些动词经常和某个介词连用
The plan depends on the weather.
She objected to the idea.
Don
‘
t refer to that matter again.
I care very little for fame now.
(4)
有些词义的动词在汉语是及物的但在英语是不及物的
,
complain
(about),
revolt
(against),
wait (for), apply (for), consent (to), object (to), agree (to/on with), depend (on), rely (on), approve
(of), disapprove (of), arrive (at), call (on/at), comment (on), congratulate (on), deal (with), dispose
(of), dream (about), interfere (in/between/ with)
等
4
兼作及物动词与及物动词的词
(ergative verbs)
英语中的大部分动 词既可作及物动词也可作不及物动词，只能作一种动词而不能作另
一种动词的是少数
,
（如
enjoy
只作及物动词，
depend, rely
只作不及物动词）
。兼作两种动
词的情况很多，大致有下面这些情况：
（
1
）用于一个意义时为及物，另一意义时为不及物。
Mind the dog.
I
‘
m sure he won
‘
t mind.
She couldn
‘
t stand the cold.
Don
‘
t stand in the rain.
Don
‘
t move my things.
The train is moving now.
Smoking hurts you.
My head hurts.
He hanged himself in sorrow.
Her portrait hangs over the mantelpiece.
They beat him unconscious.
Her heart was beating violently.
Please pass me the salt.
The winter finally passed.
(2)
有些动词在意思基本不变的情况下，有时用作及物，有时用作不及物。
Can you help me?
Every little helps.
Tigers eat meat.
We eat at seven.
She is going to marry him.
Don
‘
t marry in haste.
She
‘
s studying medicine.
She studied hard.
(3)
有些动词通常作及物动词，但有时宾语不必讲出
（从上下文中可以看出）
，因此也就成
了不及物动词。
His father came yesterday.
Yes, I know (it).
I
‘
m sure she didn
‘
t notice (it).
―
What
‘
s her name?
‖
―
I forget (it).
‖
Why didn
‘
t you answer (me)?
He aimed at the black spot and missed (it).
He didn
‘
t understand (it) very well.
Who won (the game)?
36
●
(4)
还有些动词可作及物，也可作不及物，后面可跟介词短语：
I
‘
ll fight you.
They fought with each other.
England is playing Australia.
David played against Louise.
He wandered the street.
They wandered in the park.
Will you check the figure?
First check on your answers.
She walked the street.
She walked along the street.
He ruled Britain for sixty years.
He ruled over the empire for a long time.
The whole nation mourned his death.
We mourn for our fallen officers and men.
Tom mocked him as a country boy.
He mocked at my pronunciation.
(5)
有些动词，随着主语不同而可用作及物或不及物。
The continual strain aged her.
（持续的劳累使她衰老。
）
He
‘
s ag(e)ing fast.
He began a series of experiments.
When does the play begin?
Boil the potatoes for 0 minutes.
The water is boiling.
Take care not to break it.
Brittle things break easily.
有些动词即可作不及物动词有可作连系动词
fall, come, go, grow, stay, rest
等，还有些动词既可作及物动词又可作连系动词
,get, keep
等
5
双宾动词
(ditransitive/double-transitive verbs)
（
1
）有不少动词后面可以跟两个宾语，
前面为间接宾语，后面为直接宾语。
They granted us a loan.
I will lend you my computer.
We owed him 100 dollars.
Hand me the timetable.
间接宾语有时可以放到后面，前加
to
They granted a loan to us.
(2)
另有一批动词， 也可跟两个宾语，但把间接宾语放在后面时要用介词
for
。
Sing us a song, please.
Please sing a song for us.
Fetch me the evening paper.
Fetch the evening paper for me.
(3)
有少量动词，后面的直接宾语要放在一介词后。
I reminded him of his promise.
I have notified them of my arrival.
He has informed me of his plans for holidays.
Accuse sb of cheating/charge sb with murder
(4)
还有少数动词也跟两个宾语，但很少把间接宾语放到句子的后面。
I
‘
ll never forgive you that lie.
I wish you good luck.
I envy you your health.
How dare you ask me such a question?
He didn
‘
t want to cause you any inconvenience.
The hotel charged me $$ 50 for a room for the night.
That suit cost me over $$100.
They denied the prisoner all freedom.
I want you to promise me one thing.
She can
‘
t refuse him anything.
(5)
有些动词汉语中不能带双宾，英语中可以。
Play us some folk music, please.
Let
‘
s get the children something to drink.
The street committee found us four new rooms.
37
She wrote him a long letter.
He cooked us a delicious meal
He sang us a pop song.
.
6
复合及物动词
(complex-transitive verbs)
有些动词有时后面需要跟一宾语足语意思才能完整，如
find, make, get, paint, keep, think, consider,
declare, push, prove, set, believe, like, beat, wish, count, judge, deem
等
He counted himself fortunate to have such an opportunity.
They may hold you responsible for the consequence.
The noise was driving me mad.
She pushed the door open.
She dyed her hair brown.
He got his clothes wet.
Good food keeps you healthy.
The accused man declared him innocent.
I like my tea very hot.
Finally they set them free.
He beat her black and blue.
I felt myself unworthy of the praise.
7
成语动词
(phrasal verbs)
有时两个或三个词 在一起构成一个成语，
作用与一个单一动词差不多，
称为成语动词。
这种动
词 主要有以下四类：
（
1
）不及物动词
+
副词
The war broke out in 1939.
She didn
‘
t want to fall behind in her studies.
How did the accident come about?
The wind has died down a bit.
(2)
不及物动词
+
介词
He could not account for his absence from school.
I ran across her in the library yesterday.
I called on her this morning.
You
‘
d better wait and watch for a better achance.
（留心更好的机会）
●
有些不及物动词可以跟副词也可以跟介词构
成成语动词
We mustn
‘
t lag behind.
We mustn
‘
t lag behind others.
They hope to break through soon in this research.
The allies sought to break through the German
lines.
We must be getting off now.
（动身）
Then they got off the bus.
Let
‘
s all join in.
He joined in the march.
38
(3)
及物动词
+
副词
He is trying to bring about a reconciliation.
I
‘
ll try to hurry him up.
The trolley-bus stopped to put down three passengers.
●
也有部分成语动词是由及物动词
+
介词
构成
Don
‘
t build on his promises. (
信赖
)
He talked me into changing my job.
They showed her round the house.
She set her children against their father.
(4)
动词
+
副词
+
介词
I can
‘
t put up with these noisy people.
You might come up against a bit of opposition.
Don
‘
t look down on this kind of work.
I
‘
m looking forward to her arrival.
(5)
包括名词的动词成语
有些由动词构成的成语包含有一个名 词，
多数语言学家都不把它们成语动词范围之内，
但
它们的作用和成语动词差不多，这 类成语可分为
A.
动词
+
名词
bear a grudge; break the ice; catch fire; hold water; change one
‘
s mind; face the music
（承担后
果）
; lose face; take place; take root; take sides; take action; make sense; make a fuss; lose heart;
take a chance; take care; take effect; take heart; take offence; play truant; hold one
‘
s tongue
等
B.
动词
+
名词
+
介词
Attach importance to; catch sight of; catch a glimpse of; find fault with; get rid of; make a mess
of; make a note of; pay a visit to; make room for; take care of; take delight in; take hold of; take
advantage
of;
lose
sight
of;
take
interest
in;
take
leave
of;
take
notice
of;
take
pity
on;
take
revenge on; take liberalities with
等。
C.
动词
+
介词
+
名词
bring to an end; burst into tears; fall to pieces; go to pieces; come into fashion; put on airs; take
into account; take into consideration; put on weight; put to death; come to c conclusion; call to
mind; keep in mind; get to work; come to life; come into blossom; catch by surprise
等。
8
注意中英文动宾搭配的不同
学习知识
pursue knowledge
学习讲英语
learn to speak English
学习榜样
follow the example
打开电视
turn on the TV
打开箱子
open the box
打开敲门
answer the door
打开领结
loosen the tie
打开信件
unfold the letter
39
打开奥秘
discover the secrets
打电话
make a phone
打毛衣
knit a sweater
打文件
type the document
打瞌睡
nod
打针
inject
打铁
forge
打枪
shoot
恢复健康
regain/restore one
‘
s health
恢复谈判
resume the talk
恢复秩序
restore order
恢复正常
return to normal
恢复知觉
recover consciousness
恢复镇静
regain composure
恢复疲劳
relieve fatigue
恢复经济
reconstruct the economy
他订了去北京的火车票。
He has booked the train ticket to Beijing.
双方订了停火协议。
The two sides agreed on a cease-fire.
他们已订了明年的生产计划。
They have drawn up/worked out the production plan for next year.
我要订一部《水浒传》
。
I will subscribe to a
Water Margin
.
我们和他们订了条约。
We have entered into a treaty with them.
她给自己订了块比萨饼。
She has ordered a piece of pizza for herself.
相反情况
wear a coat/a watch/a pair of spectacles/a bear/long hair/a hat/perfume
而汉语：穿衣服；戴手表；戴眼镜；留长发、留胡子；戴帽子；搽香水
尤其是英语的一些笼统词，如
do, make, play, carry,
起搭配能力相当强，如
do housework; do
the floor; do the dishes; do the lawn; do the teeth; do the flowers; do ironing; do some reading
等。
●注意其他搭配
名词性搭配
番茄汤
牛肉汤
人参汤
tamato soup
beef broth
ginseng decoction
个人卫生
公共卫生
personal hygiene
public health
环境卫生
environmental sanitation
自然环境
社会环境
natural environment
social circumstances
舒适环境
comfortable surroundings
40
国税
关税
government revenue
customs duties/tariff
所得税
税率
income tax
tariff rates
球迷
影迷
football fan
movie fan
计算机迷
棋迷
computer addict
chess addict
竞争意识
自我意识
competitive spirit
self- consciousness
黄色小说
黄色音乐
filthy novels
vulgar music
黄色电影
pornographic/blue movies
红茶
black tea
浓茶
strong tea
青山绿水
green mountains and clear water
副总统
vice
president
副经理
deputy
manager
副教授
associate
professor
副司令
assistant
commanding
officer
副
食
品
non-staple
food
副
作
用
side-effects
副
标
题
subheading/subtitle
浓汤
thick soup
浓茶
strong tea
浓发
thick hair
浓眉
thick eyebrow
假牙
false
teeth
假象
false
appearance
假肢
artificial
limbs
假花
artificial
flowers
假钞
counterfeit money
假警察
fake policemen
假医生
phony/quack doctors
假话
lie
假山
rockery
假意
hypocrisy
假装
pretend
假扮
disguise
假造
forge
恶性肿瘤
malignant tumor
恶性循环
vicious circle
一次性付款
lump-sum payment
一次性拖鞋
disposable slippers
双人间
a double room
双重标准
double standards
双刃剑
a double-edged sword
双塔
twin towers
双峰
twin peaks
双星
twin stars
图书馆
library
水族馆
aquarium
博物馆
museum
旅馆
hotel
饭馆
restaurant
体育馆
gymnasium
展览馆
exhibition
hall
照相馆
photo
studio
大使馆
embassy
茶馆
teahouse
咖啡馆
café
啤酒
beer
白酒
liquor/spirits
鸡尾酒
cocktail
葡萄酒
wine
香槟酒
champagne
红葡萄酒
Chianti
黑啤酒
stout
公猪
boar
母猪
sow
小猪
piglet
野猪
boar
猪肉
pork
羊肉
mutton
牛肉
beef
汽车
car
轿车
limousine
火车
train
公共汽车
bus
长途公共汽车
coach
中巴车
mini-bus
有轨电车
tram
无轨电车
trolly
货车
truck/lorry
板车
cart
小车
wheel
手推车
barrow
自行车
bike
三轮车
rickshaw
出租车
taxi
机车
locomotive
吉普车
jeep
救护车
ambulance
消防车
fire engine
越野车
land rover
铲
车
forklift
吊车
crane
风车
windmill
洒水车
sprinkler
灵车
hearse
机动车
vehicle
9.
注意动词的词义
He ran his faster.
他尽力奔跑
41
The river runs clear.
水流清澈
His nose is running.
他在流鼻涕
He runs the bookstore.
管理、经营
He ran through his money.
浪费金钱
The ship ran on a rock.
触礁
The novel has run into ten editions.
出到第十版了
The play ran for six months on Broadway.
持续
He killed the man.
杀
He killed the dog.
宰
They killed the proposal.
断然拒绝
Please kill the engine.
熄灭
She is dressed to kill.
她穿得很时髦，十分吸引人。
You
‘
re killing me.
你说的话
/
你的动作笑死我了。
She kills her child with kindness.
宠坏
He took a snack to kill his hunger.
充饥
He killed time everyday at the park.
消磨
He killed the motion when it came from the committee.
否决
He killed himself with overwork.
过劳而死
He killed the spirit of the group.
抹杀了团队精神
The news killed their hope.
希望破灭
These flowers kill easily.
枯死
He killed three bottles of whisky in a week.
喝了
kill one
‘
s appetite
使某人倒胃
kill time
打发
kill the peace
扼杀
kill the mood
破坏气氛
kill a marriage
解除婚约
10
学英语动词是关键，谓语动词的性质决定了其后的后续成分，也即决定了整个句子的结构。
42
第六讲
主谓一致
(subject-verb concord/agreement)
一、基本原则
二、主语与谓语必须在数上一致
三、一些代词后的谓语
四、一些集体名词作主语时的谓语
五、
某些名词后的谓语
六、
一些结构中的谓语
一致指词语之间在人称、数、格 、性等方面的一致。人称、格和性的一致比较简单，在
此着重讨论数的一致。
一、
基本原则（
Guiding principles
）
1
语法一致（
grammatical concord
）即形式上的一致。
The body shows his mother much attention.
The boys are playing outside.
2
意义
/
概念一致
(notional concord)
指意义或意念上的一致。
The crew are paid to do all the work on the ship.
Five minutes is enough.
3
邻近原则
(principle of proximity)
即谓语动词的形式与邻近的名词一致。
Neither I nor he is to blame.
Neither he nor I am to blame.
二、主语与谓语必须在数上一致
1
一般来说，
主谓必须在数上一致，
即复数主语必须用复数谓语，
单数主语必须用单数
谓语 ，不受修饰语的影响。
The results of the exam show that you
‘
ve all made good progress.
The building among the trees is our public library.
2
如果主语表示一个抽象概念，一般都用单数谓语。
Growing flowers is no easy job.
That we have made amazing achievements is an undeniable fact.
―
Senior citizens
‖
means people over sixty.
3
当主语中包含
and
，若指的是一个东西，可用单数谓语；若指两样东西，则用复数谓
语，有时虽是两件，但常被看作是不 可分的整体；谓语动词用单数。
The iron and steel industry plays an important part in our national economy.
43
The food and the textile industry depend mainly on agriculture for raw material.
The writer and teacher is coming.
Bread and butter is their usual breakfast.
The wheel and axle was bought yesterday.
Trial and error is the source of our knowledge.
Truth and honesty is the best policy.
Wit and humor abounds in the book.
Salt and water is also a kind of medicine.
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
4
如果主语是单数，尽管后面跟有
with, together with, as well as, but, except, no less than,
rather than, more than, besides, accompanied by, like, including, in addition to, combined with
等
引导的短语，谓语仍用单数形式，因为这类短语多用作修饰语。
An expert, together with some assistants, was sent there to help in the work.
Justice, as well as the law, demands that these bandits be severely punished.
No one but myself knows what really happened.
Everybody except you is down on me.
三、一些代词后的谓语
1 each, some, any, no, every
构成的代词作主语时都用单数谓语。
Each of the houses is painted a different colour.
Everything was ready.
Somebody wants to see you.
2
有些代词作主语时谓语常作复数。
Both of them were men of the highest position in England.
All (of them) were ruthlessly suppressed.
Many of us were too tired to go further.
Few of us are any good.
Some are wise, and some are otherwise.
注：其中有些，如代表不可数的东西，则用单数谓语。
So all is going well.
Some of the milk has turned sour.
There
‘
s little to be done about it.
3
有些代词，有时跟复数谓语，有时跟单数谓语。
Which is your room?
Which are your books?
Who is on the phone?
Who are those people/
Any is good enough for me.
Any are at liberty to express an opinion.
None of my friends has ever been to Paris.
44
None of us are perfect.
Neither was satisfactory.
Neither are suitable for a newspaper.
注：有个别情况下，单复数谓语都可以
Is/Are there any?
Neither of us is/are happy about the situation.
None of my friends has/have been invited to the party.
四、一些集体名词作主语时的谓语
1
有些集体名词通常都作复数，因此谓语也用复数形式
Cattle are grazing on the pasture.
The police are looking for him.
The poultry are being fed.
The medium are covering the presidential election thoroughly.
还有
crew, military, bacteria
等
2
很多集体名词后可跟单数或复数谓语，
作为整体是可视作单数，
向导所包含的成员时，
用复数
His family isn
‘
t very large.
His family are all music lovers.
The committee meets twice a month.
The committee are divided in opinion.
The audience were greatly moved at the words.
The audience was numerous.
The team is the best in the league.
The team are driving to the game is their own car.
The British public is interested in sports.
The public were deceived by the newspapers.
The Iranian government is expected to resign.
The Government are discussing the proposal.
The enemy has suffered heavy losses.
The enemy are in flight.
The company has its headquarters in London.
The company are excited with their success.
注：有时用单复数皆可
The school
‘
s teaching staff is/are excellent.
The enemy is/are retreating.
A company of travelers is/are expected to arrive soon.
The jury is/are about to announce the winners.
The local council is/are in charge of repairing roads.
The data is/are correct.
3
有些集体名词通常跟单数谓语
The play
‘
s cast was given a standing ovation.
45
剧组演员受到观众起立鼓掌。
The opposition was quick to reply to the charge.
The entire community is behind the appeal.
整个社区都支持这项呼吁。
The gang is being hunted by the police.
The press was full of lies.
五、
某些名词后的谓语
1
一些表示时间长度、
数量、
上速度等的词组可以作一个整体看待，
后面可跟单数谓语。
Ten years is a long time.
Ninety miles an hour is much too fast.
Two hundred pounds is a lot of money spent on a dress.
Forty miles is a long way to walk in a day.
2
有很多名词，随着意义的不同，可以跟单数或复数谓语。
Half of his work is to design programmes.
Half of them go to private schools.
Ninety percent of most food is water.
Ninety percent were self employed.
Statistics is a branch of mathematics.
These statistics show that exports are still low.
Youth is the time for action.
The youth of today are/is better than we used to be.
3
有些单复数同形的名词，要根据意思决定谓语的形式。
All means have been tried.
One means is still to be tried.
There are thousands of species of butterflies.
This species of rose is very rare.
The works have been closed since January.
这些工厂
The steel works is closed for the holidays.
Her offspring are all like her.
Her offspring is like her in every aspect.
4
一些以
-s
结尾的单数词，后面多跟单数谓语。
Mathematics is a compulsory subject at school.
Billiards is becoming more and more popular.
Measles is a contagious disease.
Phonetics is the science of sounds made in speech.
A crossroads is a place where roads meet.
注：但也有个别跟可跟复数谓语。
Mumps are/is fairly rare in adults.
Their headquarters are/is in New York.
46
5
用作书名、剧名、报纸名、国 名、组织机构等的复数名词作主语时，谓语用单数，但
如果是山脉、群岛、瀑布等的名称，谓语动词用复 数。
The New York Times
still has a wide circulation.
―
The Arabian Nights
‖
is a very interesting story-book.
The United nations ia an international organization.
Gullivers
’
s Travels
is very interesting.
Romeo and Juliet
is a tragedy.
The Himalayas are the roof of the world.
The Niagara Falls are the falls on the Niagara River.
The Great Lakes lie between the USA and Canada.
The Philippines lie on the southeast of China.
The Olympics are held every four years.
注：
the Alps, the Rockies, the Solomon Islands
作主语谓语用复数。
六、
一些结构中的谓语
1
在带
either
…
or, neither
…
nor, not only
…
but also
…
的结构中，
谓语通常和最邻近的主语
一致。
Either Tim or his brothers have to shovel the snow.
Neither you nor she is wholly right.
2
由
there
或
here
引起的 句子中的谓语，通常也和最邻近的主语一致。
There was a bed and two chairs in the room.
There were two apple trees and a pear tree in the garden.
Here is a pencil-box and a few pencils for you.
Here are my replies to your questions.
3
这种受邻近词影响的情况在现代英语中越来越多了。
Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away?
One in ten are expected to take part in the contests.
4
有时主语似乎是单数，其实是复数，因为有的词被省略了。
White and brown sugar are both acceptable for this recipe.
The short-term and (the) ling-term loan are handled differently.
5
“
a series of, a portion of, a species of, a piece of
等
+
名词
（单数或复数）
”
做主语时，
谓
语动词用单数形式。
A series of lectures on psychology is said to be given by Mr. Stone.
A large portion of her poems was published after her death.
6
表示数量的
one and a half
后面一般要接复数名词，作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。
One and a half bananas is left on the table.
One and a half dollars was spent on sugar.
It is one and a half meters long.
47
A year and a half (One and a half years) has passed.
7 a herd of, a pack of, a school of, a swarm of, a drove of
等表示数量的集体名词短语，如
果指的是一个整体
（一群人或动物）
谓语动词用单数；
如果侧重于群体中的每一个成员则用
复数动词。
A flock of sheep were running into the road and causing confusion among the traffic.
A pack of wolves was following them closely.
8
用
and
连接的两个单数名词作主语，若前面有
each, every, no
等修饰，谓语动词用单
数。
In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education.
No teacher and no student is admitted.
Many a boy and many a girl has seen this painting.
Many is the
man she has helped.
她帮助过的人很多。
Many
’
s the
job he
‘
s left unfinished.
他留下许多未完成的工作。
Many
’
s the
time I
‘
ve seen him walk along the lake.
我有好多次看到他在湖边散步。
9 a kind of
和
this kind of
等后面的复数问题
A
a kind (sort) of +
单数名词和
this kind of+
单数名词，
用单数谓语动词。
后接复数名词
时，也可用复数谓语动词， 这时，强调名词的复数概念。
There is a kind of tree in the garden which flowers once every two years.
This kind of book is worth reading.
This king of men are/is dangerous.
The kind of books you
‘
ve just mentioned are valuable.
B these/those kind of +
单数名词或复数名词，要求用复数动词
These kind of tree(s) are rare now.
C these/those kinds of+
单数名词或复数名词，要求用复数动词
Those kinds of fruit(s) are cheap.
D what kinds of +
单数名词
,
要求用复数动词
What kinds of bird stay here for the winter?
注：
What kind of flower do you like most? =What kind of flowers do you like most?
你最喜欢哪一类花？
What kinds of flower do you like most?
=What kinds of flowers do you like most?
你最喜欢哪些花？
10 two lumps of sugar
等的单复数问题
“复数量词
+of+
不可数名词”作主语，谓语动词有时用单复数皆可。
Two lumps of sugar are/is in the box.
Three slices of bread have/has been thrown away.
48
11
在
one of +
复数名词
+
定语从句的句型中，定语从句中的谓语动词一般用复数形式；
但如果
one
前面有冠词等的话，则用单数。
This is one of the rooms that were damaged in the fire.
He is one of the persons who always think they are right.
This is the one of the books on the subject that has ever been written in Chinese.
She is the only one of my students that comes from Beijing.
12
“
the+
形容词”泛指一 类人时，谓语用复数形式，指个别人时，用单数形式。
The old are well looked after by the government.
The good are happy.
善者常乐。
The walking wounded
（轻伤员）
were left behind.
The wise are perceptive men.
聪明人是有洞察力的人。
His intended is a pretty girl.
未婚妻
The dead was about thirty years of age.
The accused was found guilty.
The mentally ill was sent to hospital.
The departed is gone forever.
逝者长已矣（一人）
The departed are gone forever.
（多人）
49
第七讲
动名词（
Gerund
）
一、
特征
具有动词特征：可带宾语、状语、表语；
At the meeting he stressed the importance of defeating their competitors.
Getting up early is considered a good habit.
He dreamed of becoming a pop singer.
有时态、语态变化
He insisted on his being assigned the mission.
I know nothing about his having served in the army.
具有名词特征：可以充当主语、宾语与表语；
可以受形容词、代词、名词的修饰，可以
前加冠词
[1] Poverty is not a shame, but the being ashamed of it is.
There is no justification for the running away in such haste.
All seems smooth sailing.
What do you think of our class going out for an outing this weekend?
二、
功能
1. S
[2] Being neither jealous nor greedy, being without desires and remaining the same under
all circumstances --- that is nobility.
Saying is easier than doing.
His coming here will be a great help.
Note:
(1) use, good, pity, funny, nice, odd, worth, difficult, worth while
作表语，可用
it
作形式主语
It
‘
s no good writing to her.
It
‘
s no use waiting here.
(2) there is no +G==It is impossible to do sth
There is no accounting for tastes.
There is no getting along with him.
2 P
[3] The chief excitement in a woman
’
s life is
spotting women who are fatter than she is
.
Her job was keeping the hall as clean as possible.
Denying this will be shutting one
‘
s eyes to facts.
3 O
(1) O of the Vt
[4]
There
is
only
one
thing
to
do
for
a
man
who
is
married
to
a
woman
who
enjoys
spending money
, and that is to enjoy
earning it.
[5] Only those who will risk
going too far
can possibly find out how far one can go.
50