诞怎么读-蜗牛养殖

2021年2月1日发(作者：跳绳的拼音)
英语语法基础

一、词性

1.
名词
(noun
→
n.)
：

表示人或物的名称，
man, teacher, book, music, time
等。

另有专有名词如
Tom, New York, Wall Street, ATM
等。

动名词也是名词，由动词
+ing
构成，表示某种行为 ，如：
swimming,
playing basketball, being short
等。

在英语中，名词可做句子的主语、宾语、表语、定语、补足语、同位
语。如：

I
love
studying English
in my leisure / spare / free
time
.
（主语、宾语）

Being short
is not
a disadvantage
.
（主语、表语）

The

railway
bridge is to be reconstructed next month.
（定语）

We made him
monitor
.
（宾语补足语）

We
Chinese people
mean what we say.
（同位语）

2.
各种代词
(pronoun
→
pron.)
指代人或物，如人称代词
he, she, us, them,
指示代词
this, that, these,
不定代词
some,
any,
someone,
something,
all,
each
，疑问代词
what,
which
等。

代词类似于名词，在英语中通常做主语、宾语，少数可以做表语、同
位语、定语。

What
has happened to
him
?
（主语、宾语）

This is
my
book.
Yours
is over there.
（定语、主语）


1
They
each / all
got a birthday present.
（同位语。

当然，
还有主语
they
也是代词。
）

注意：< br>反身代词只能作宾语、
表语、
同位语，
绝对不能做主语
!
例如：

He
himself
is to blame for the mistake.
（同位语）

He isn
’
t
himself
/ doesn
’
t look / feel / seem
himself
today.
（表语）

He slipped, but didn
’
t hurt
himself
.
（宾语）

3.
形容词

(adjective
→
adj./a.)
形容词的主要功能就是作定语、表语、补足语。如：

He is said to be a
handsome
boy.
（定语）

He is
tall
,
handsome,
and above all
,
very
intelligent
.
（表语）

He fell down to the ground,
dead
.
（主语补足语）

4.
副词

(adverbial
→
adv./ad.)
副词通常做状语，修饰动词、形容词、另外一个副词、整个句子。

He plays the piano
well
/
very well
.
（修饰动词短语
plays the piano
，

very
又修饰副词
well
）

She is
very
/
really
/
pretty
beautiful.
（修饰形容词
beautiful
）

Surprisingly
, he passed the exam at first attempt.
（修饰整个句子）

注意一词多义、一词多性现象：

She was very ill and was rushed to hospital immediately.
（形容词，
“生
病的”
，句中作表语）

ill
effects / discipline / temper / humor< br>（形容词，
“不好的；糟糕的；有
害的”
，只能作前置定语）


2
ill
-equipped /
ill
-treat / speak
ill
of sb
（副词，
“坏地；糟糕地”
，做状
语）

a cure for all the nation
’
s
ills

（名词，
“问题；困难”
，作宾语。
）

The book is
very
good and worth reading a second time.
（
程度副词，
“非
常地”
，做状语。
）

He is the
very
man for the job.
（形 容词，
“恰恰是；
正是”
等表示强调
的意思，只能做前置定语。
）< br>
He played the instrument so
well
that he won first prize.
（副词，
“好地”
）

He
’
ll get
well
soon.
（形容词，
“身体好的；健康的”
，只能作表语。
）

We used to get our water from a
well
.
（名词，
“井；
水井；
油井；
气井）

With tears
well
ing in his eyes, she went away.
（动词，
“
（液体）流出；
涌出”
）

5.
介词

(preposition
→
prep.)
英语 中的介词不能单独使用，
通常跟后面的宾语构成介词短语，
一起
做句子的状语、定语、 表语、补足语。

I’
ll put my name
on the back of the envelope
.
（地点状语）

She didn
’
t remember the name
on the back of the envelope
.
（后置定语）

He was
on holiday at the time
.
（表语、时间状语）

He left his keys
in the dormitory
.
（宾语补足语）

6.
连词

(conjunction
→
conj.)
英语中的连词有并列连词和从属连词两种，分别引导并列句和从句。

并列连词主要有
and, but, or, so, for
；从属连词引导从句，按功能分有

3
引导状语从句的
because, since, as, although, so that
等，引导定语从句
的
that,
which,
who,
whose,
when,
where
等，还有引导名词性从句的
that, who, which, whether, where
等。

We are making good progress,
but
we still have a long way to go.
（引导
并列句，表示转折）

Before
I could think of a reply, she went away.
（引导时间状语从句）

Since
everybody is here, let
’
s begin.
（引导原因状语从句）

Who is the man
that
is sitting at the back?
（引导定语从句）

This is the hospital
where
/ in
which
she was born.
（引导定语从句）

That

no one remembered her birthday left Maria very depressed.
（引导
名词性从句的主语从句）

I’
m delighted
that
we achieved
what
we set out to do.
（两个从句，
分别
有由
that
和
what
引导，都是名词性从句的宾语从句）

The question is
whether
we can get in touch with him.
（引导名词性从
句的表语从句）

7.
动词

(verb
→
v.)
动词在英语中最复杂，有很多种分类：

1
）及物动词与不及物动词

2
）动作动词（行为动词）与状态动词（静态动词，含系动词、结果
动词）

3
）实义动词与助动词（含情态助动词）

4
）持续动词与瞬间动词


4
5
）谓语动词与非谓语动词

关于动词用法下面还有论述，请参照下文。


二、英语的句子成分小结

1.
主语：

由名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式、主语从句充当

I
was /
They
were young and energetic.

Who
/
What
makes him so upset?

To learn
/
Learning English
is easy.
Who will go there
/
Whether or not the meeting will be held
is not decided
yet.
2.
谓语：

由谓语动词来充当，有时态和语态（主动语态与被动语态）变化

Spending money
is
fun.

He
didn’t go
with us for lack of money.

I
have been working
for hours and is in need of a rest.

The car
must have been stolen
.
3.
宾语：

由名词、代词、动名词、宾语从句充当

I want
to go home
right now.

I appreciate
your help
/
your helping me
.

He didn’t say
why / when he was leaving
.

5
4.
定语：

由形容词、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、 动名词、介词短语、
定语从句充当，分前置定语和后置定语两种。

The
small
boy
(sitting / seated) under the tree
is Tom.

The boy (
who is seated / sitting) under the tree
is Tom.
5.
补足语：

由名词、
形容词、
动词不定式、
现在分词、
过去分词、
介词短语充当，
有宾语补足语和主语补足语两种）

The news made me
happy / on top of the world
.

He was elected / made
monitor
.

He wanted the work
to be done by Friday
.

Wherever you go, you see KFC
advertised
.
He was caught
smoking in the workshop
and was fired immediately.
6.
状语：

由副词、介词短语 、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、状语从句充
当。英语中状语的种类繁多，常见的有时间状语、地点 状语、方式状
语、原因状语、伴随状语、目的状语等。

He remained seated
there / throughout the party
.

He jumped
with joy

when he heard the news
.

To learn English well
, you should read widely.

Dressed in / Wearing a scarf
, she looks younger.
7.
表语（系动词
be
和半系动词之后）
：


6
由名词、形容词、反身代词、现在分词、过去分词、介词短语充当

He is
like his father
/
a student
/
handsome
.

The chicken smells / tastes
good
.

He looks
worried / like his father
.

The story sounds
interesting
.

Something must have gone
wrong
.
8.
同位语

英语中，只有主语和宾语才可能有同位语，由名词、少数代词和同位
语从句充当

He praised us
all
in class.
（宾语
us
的同位语）

They
all

/ each
got a reward.
（主语
they
的同位语）

I saw the president
himself
.
（宾语
the president
的同位语）

We were
all
surprised at the news
that he had resigned
.
（主语
we
的同
位语；宾语
the news
的同位语从句）

三、助动词小结

助动词主要是帮助谓语 动词改变形式，如否定式、疑问式、进行式、
完成式、被动式、强调式等。

1
．助动词
has, have,
had
（后接过去分词，构成谓 语动词的完成时，
用于肯定句、否定句、疑问句）

I
have finished
all my homework. /
Have
you
finished
your homework?
--- No, I haven
’
t.
She
has gone
to Shanghai to study Chinese literature.

7
The train
had
already
left
when she arrived at the station.
2
．助动词
is, am, are, was, were, has been, have been, had been, will be
a)
后接动词的
-ing
形式，构成谓语动词的进行式

What
are
you
doing
now? --- I
’
m watching
TV at home.
Two boys
were playing
football nearby when the accident happened.
I
have been teaching
English for more than 20 years and I know how to
solve the problem.
She
is not working
in Beijing now; she has gone to Shenzhen to seek her
fortune.
We
will be flying
over the Atlantic Ocean this time tomorrow.
b)
后接过去分词，构成谓语动词的被动语态

She
was awarded
the Nobel Prize twice in 5 years.
When he returned he found his house
had been broken into
and a lot of
things
(had been) stolen
.
The suspension bridge
will be completed
next month.
I can
’
t lend you my bike because it
is being repaired
now.
3
．助动词
do, does, did
a)
后接动词原形，构成谓语动词的否定式、疑问式

We
don
’
t go
to school on Sunday.
Do
you?
She
doesn
’
t work
here any longer; she
has moved
to Shanghai.
Did
you
go
to the cinema with her last night? --- No, I didn
’
t.
b)
后接动词原形，构成谓语动词的强调式，常译成“确实；的确；

8
务必”
，仅用于肯定句

I
did return
the money to you.
She
does work
in this school but she is now in Shanghai on business.
I
do believe
that he is the best man for the job.
Do be
careful next time.
4
．情态助动词
can/could,
may/might,
must,
should,
will/would,
shall,
need, ought
等。
情态助动词与上述助动词在用法唯一不同的是，
情态
助动词有特定的意义，
表达说话人某种特定的感情，
所以叫情态助动
词。

You
’
ve been working
for a few hours. You
must
be tired.
Hurry up! They
must
be waiting for us.
I
didn
’
t hear
the phone. I
must
have been asleep.
You
needn
’
t
come if you
don
’
t want
to.
You
needn
’
t
have hurried. There was plenty of time left.
There is a knock on the door. Who
can
it be?
I
can
’
t find
my umbrella. Who
can
have taken it?
What
shall
we do now?
You
should not
have left her alone at home last night.

四、非谓语动词小结（动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、动名词）

1
．动 词不定式（带
to
）
、现在分词、过去分词都可以作状语，但动词
不定式（带
to
）只能作目的状语和结果状语，其他的状语（一般为时

9
间 状语、原因状语、条件状语和伴随状语）用分词，其中，现在分词
表示主动、过去分词表示被动。

To learn English well
, you should read widely.
（动词不定式作目的状
语）

With this, he left,
never to return
.
（动词不定式作结果状语）

Hearing the news
, he was wild with joy.
（现在分词作时间状语，跟主
语是主动关系）

He came
running towards his mother
.
（现在分词作伴随状语，跟主语
是主动关系）

She came,
accompanied by her mother
.
（过去分词作伴随状语，跟主
语是被动关系。
）

（注：动词不定式 、现在分词、过去分词作状语，其逻辑主语必须是
主句的主语。
）

2
．动词不定式（带
to
）
、现在分词、过去分词都可以作定语，其中，
动词 不定式表示将来的行为，
现在分词表示主动和正在进行，
过去分
词表示被动和已经发生 。
）

The bridge
to be built next year
will join Zhuhai, Macao and Hong Kong.
（动词不定式作定语）

The boy
wearing glasses
is my next-door neighbor.
（现在分词作定语）

The
stolen
car was discovered near a river.
（过去分词作定语）

需要注 意的是，
某些特殊结构后面只能用动词不定式作定语，
它们是：
序数词、
on ly
、动作性名词，如
refusal,
attempt,
effort,
willingness,

10
pressure
等。此时则不用考虑时间概念。

He is always the first to come and the last to leave.
He is the only teacher to understand me.
I appreciate your offer to take me to the airport.
另外还有一种结构
being +
过去分词作定语，表示一个正在进行的被
动行为：

The matter
being discussed
is very important.
The bridge
being built
was designed by a world-famous designer.
（注：动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词作定语，其 逻辑主语必须其
修饰的那个名词；动词不定式有主动和被动之分。
）

3．动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语，有以下
3
种情况：
< br>a
）动词不定式带
to
，跟在某些动词后，构成固定结构，如：
ask / tell
/ order / persuade / allow / forbid sb to do
，其否定式是
not to do
。变为
被动结构时，
宾 语补足语相应变为祝语补足语。
此种用法仅限于动词
不定式。

I persuaded him
not to go there alone
.
We are not allowed
to smoke at school
.
The novel is believed / is reported / is said
to have been translated into
Chinese
.
b
）
动词不定式
（不带
to
）
、
现在分词 、
过去分词跟在感官动词
see, hear,
notice,
observe
后作宾语补足语，构成固定结构，其中，动词不定式

11
表示动作的全过程，
现在分词表示主动和正在进行，
过去分词表示被
动和已经 发生。

I noticed him
enter the school gate
.
They saw him
walking towards the school
.
She was frightened to see the old man
knocked down by a car
.
变为被动结构时，
动词不定式要加
to
，现在分词和过去分词不变，同
时宾语补足语变为主语补足语。

He was noticed
to enter the school gate
.
They were never heard
to have a quarrel
.
A woman with two children was seen
begging in the square
.
c
）
动词不定式
（不带
to
）
、
现在分词、
过去分词跟在使役动 词
let, make,
have
后作宾语补足语，
构成固定结构，
其中，
动词不定式表示动作的
全过程，现在分词表示持续的行为，过去分词表示被动和已经发 生。

The teacher had me
rewrite my composition
.
She made me
wash the car for a week
.
I’
d like to have this package
weighed
, please.
He soon had us all
laughing at his jokes
.
（注：从词义上来说，
let sb do = allow sb to do
，
have sb do = ask sb to
do
，而
make sb do = force sb to do
，其被动式
be made to do
（动词不
定式要加
to
）
= have to do
：
He was made to wash the car for a week.
）

4
．动名词作主语、宾语、表语、定语

（ 动名词，
顾名思义是一个名词，
虽然它是由动词
+ing
构成，
但它 不

12

诞怎么读-蜗牛养殖

诞怎么读-蜗牛养殖

诞怎么读-蜗牛养殖

诞怎么读-蜗牛养殖

诞怎么读-蜗牛养殖

诞怎么读-蜗牛养殖

诞怎么读-蜗牛养殖

诞怎么读-蜗牛养殖