直接引语和间接引语用法 (完整版)
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2021年02月02日 10:31
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直接引语和间接引语用法
(完整版)
一、概述
引用或转述别人说的话时有两种方法:直接引述别人的原话,这叫做直接引语
(direct speech)
。用自
己的话转述别人的话,
叫间接引语
(indirect speech)
。一般地讲,
直接引语前后要加引号,
间接引语不用引
号,而 用宾语从句来表达。
Mr. Black said,
“I'm busy.”
布菜克先生说:
“
我很忙
”
。(直接引语)
Mr. Black said
that he was busy
.
布菜克先生说他很忙。(宾语从句是间接引语)
从上例看来,< br>直接引语改为间接引语时
,
除将直接引语改为宾语从句之外,
还须对直接引语中 的人称和
时态进行相应的变化,
如上例直接引语中的
I
改成了
he, am
则改成了
was
。
现将由直接引语改为间接引语
时应注意的问题
,
分述如下:
二、直接引语是陈述句时
直接引语如果是 陈述句,变为间接引语时,用连词
that
引导(
that
在口语中常省去) ,
that
从句之前
用
say
、
tell
等动词, 从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要作相应的变化。
1
、
人称的变化
直接引语改为间接引语人称要相应 的变化。口诀如下:
一随主,二随宾,第三人称不更新
。
“一随主”
即把直接 引语中的第一人称
(
如:
I
,
me
,
my
,
mine
,
we
,
us
,
our
,ours)
变为与主句的主语相一致的人
称。“二随宾”即把直接引语中的第二人称
(you
,
your
,
yours)
变为和主句的间接宾语
(
即听话人,如无听
话人,
可根据上下文的体会人为确定一个人称
)
相一致的人称。
“第三人称不更新”
即直接引语中的第三人
称
(he
,
him
,
his
,
she
,
her
,
hers,it
,
its,they,their
,
theirs< br>,
them)
变为间接引语时,人称不变。
一随主:
①
He said , “
I
like
it
very much.”
他说:
“
我非常喜欢它
”
。
→He said
that
he
liked
it
very much.
他说他非常喜欢它。
(I
改为
he, it
不变
)
②
They said ,
”
our parents often go shopping with us.
”
→
They said their parents often go shopping with them.
二随宾
:
①
He said, “
You
told
me
this story.”
他说:
“
你给我讲过这个故事。
”
→
He said that
I
had told
him
that story.
他说我给他讲过那个故事。
(You
改为
I, me
改为
him, told
改
为
had told)
②
She said to Mary ,
”
How is your brother now?
”
→
She asked Mary how her brother was then.
第三人称不更新
:
①
He said to me, “
She’s
left
her
book in
your
room”.
他对我说:
“
她把书放在你 的房
间里去了。
”
He told me that
she had
left
her
book in
my
room.
他对我说她把书放在我的房间里去了。
(
She’s→she had
,
her
不变,
your→my
)
②
Mr White said,
”
Hand is a good worker.
”
→
Mr White said Hand was a good worker.
直接引语
间接引语
2
、
时态的变化
一般现在时
一般过去时
直接引语变为间接引语时,
从句的时态要作出相应的变化,当主句为一般现在时,从句可以是任何时态;当主句为一般过
现在进行时
过去进行时
去时,从句必须为过去时的某个时态。即“主过从过,主现从
现在完成时
过去完成时
任”。情态动词也要变成相应的过去式:
一般过去时
过去完成时
Can
—
could
;
may
—
might
;
must
—
must/had to
过去完成时
过去完成时
(
不变
)
(
1
)主句的谓语动词是一般过去时
一般将来时
过去将来时
如主句的谓语动词是一般过去时,
直接引语变间接引语时,
一般将来进行时
过去将来进行时
从句的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化。直接引语改为间
一般将来完成时
过去将来完成时
接引语时
,
动词时态相应变化表:
①
He said, “I usually
watch
TV on Sunday.”
他说:
“
我常在星期天看电视
”
。
.
.
→He said that he usually
watched
TV on Sunday.
他说他常在星期天看电视。
②
He said, “I'
m using
the knife.”
他说:
“
我正在用小刀。
”
→He said that he
was using
the knife.
他说他正在用小刀。
③
She said, “I
have not heard
from him since May.”
她说:
“
自从五月份来我就没有收到他的来信。
”
→She said that she
had not
heard from him since May.
她说自从五月份以来她就没收到他的来信。
④
He said
,
“I
came
to help you.”
他说:
“
我来帮助你。
”
→He said that
he had come
to help me.
他说他来帮助我。
⑤
He said, “I
had finished
my homework before
supper.”
他说:
“
晚饭前我己做完了作业。
”
→He said that he
had finished
his homework before supper.
他说晚饭前他己做完了作业。
⑥
Zhou Lan said, “I'
ll do
it after class.”
周兰说:
“
下课后我就去做。
”
→Zhou Lan said that she
would do
it after class.
周兰说下课后她就去做。
⑦
He said,“I
shall be doing
my homework then
.”
他说:
“
那时我将正在做作业。
”
→He said that he
should be doing
his homework then.
他说那时他将正在做作业。
⑧
He said, “We
shall have finished
the work by that time.”
他说:
“
我们将在那时以前完成工作。
”
→He said that they
should have finished
the work by that time.
他说他们将在那时以前完成工作。
注意:直接引语如果是客观真理、名人 名言、与一个具体的过去时间连用说明客观事实时,变为间接
引语时,时态不变。
①
The teacher said, “The earth
is
round. ”
老师说:
“
地球是圆的。
”
→The teacher said that the earth
is
round.
老师说地球是圆的。
②
He said, “I
was
born in Shangdong in 1965.”
他说
: “
我
1965
年生于山东。
”
→He said that he
was
born in Shangdong in 1965.
他说他
1965
年生于山东。
③
He said, “Columbus
discovered
America in 1492.”
他说:
“
哥伦布在
1492
年发现了美洲。
”
→He said Columbus
discovered
America in 1492.
他说哥伦布在
1492
年发现了美洲。
(
2
)主句的谓语动词是现在时或将来时
如果主句的谓语动词是现在时或将来时,直接引语变为间接引语时,时态一律不变
①
He says, “I
finished
the work.”
他说:
“
我做完工作了。
”
He says that he
finished
the work.
他说他做完工作了。
②
He will say, “I
have watered
the flowers.”
他会说:
“
我己经浇花了。
”
He will say he
has watered
the flowers.
他会说他己经浇花了。
3
、指示代词、时间状语和地点状语的相应变化
见下表:
指示代词
直接引语
this/these
now
today
tonight
this week (month…)
时间状语
yesterday
last week (month…)
two weeks (month)ago
tomorrow
next week (month…)
地点状语
动
词
here
come
bring
间接引语
that/those
then
that day
that night
that week (month…)
the day before
the week (month…)before
two weeks (months)before
the next day
the next week (month…)
there
go
take
①
He said, “I met Mr. Smith
this
morning.”
他说
“
我今天早晨见到史密斯了。
”
.