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Surface Analysis Of Soil Heavy Metals Pollution In Cities

Summary

Urban development process, the harm caused by environmental pollution can not

be

underestimated.

Based

on

the

surface

soil

heavy

metal

pollution

of

the

city,

the

main draw of heavy metals in urban spatial distribution, further analysis to obtain the

degree

of

contamination

of

heavy

metals

in

different

regions,

which

explain

the

reasons for the degree of pollution and contamination of different functional areas of

the

city,

and

then

determine

the

specific

location

of

sources

and

to

establish

correlation model for further optimization.

1)

We

use

the

single

factor

analysis

to

establish

the

mathematical

model

evaluate the degree of pollution, the introduction of elements

of pollution index Pi,

the highest in the various functional areas of heavy metal content as the key factor,

industrial

zones

and

traffic

areas

come

under

heavy

pollution,

living

area

with

moderate pollution, light pollution park green areas, mountainous areas of pollution.

2)The

main heavy

metal

pollutants

in

the various

functional

areas using SAS

software

for

factor

analysis

to

identify

potential

factors,

to

determine

whether

different

heavy

metal

contaminants

from

the

same

sources.

The

conclusion

that

the

living

area

is

moderately

polluted

copper,

mild

zinc,

cadmium,

mercury

and

other

conclusions.

3)

we have

established two models. The first

by

weighting the pollution load

method first calculates the sample points of the heavy metals contained in the largest

contribution

to

the

value.

The

second

model

by

MATLAB

software

for

regression

analysis to explore the relationship between heavy metal concentration and x, y and

elevation between the regression equation . Finally, the comparison of the two models

pollution position obtained by analysis of the outcome we want to optimize .

4) we found only with the attachment of the relevant data is difficult to explore

the evolution model of urban geological environment, access to relevant information

shows that there is in the atmosphere , groundwater, concentrations of heavy metals in

plants which some notable factors considered but not included in the existing data ,

comparative study of the extent of soil contamination can come in different historical

time periods , which can explain the changing pattern of geological environment of

the city .

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Contents

1. Introduction ....................... .................................................. .................................. 3

1.1What is urban pollution of heavy metals in surface?........................................ 3

1.2 Introduction of heavy metals ..................... .................................................. ... 3

1.3 Restatement of Problem ............ .................................................. .................... 3

2. Assumptions and Parameters ....................... .................................................. ....... 4

2.1 Assumptions ....................... .................................................. .......................... 4

2.2 Parameters .................................................. .................................................. .. 4

3. Analysis and Solutions ........................................ .................................................. 5

3.1 heavy metals in the main space of the city's distribution ................................ 5

3.2 Analysis of the degree of contamination of heavy metals ..............................10

3.3 Analysis of the main types of heavy metal pollution......................................12

3.3.1Analysis of the main causes of heavy metal pollution..............................13

3.3.2 Propagation characteristics of heavy metal pollutants.............................14

3.4 Determine the location of heavy metal pollution... ........................................ 14

4. Conclusions ........................ .................................................. ................................18

5. Evaluations of solutions ........... .................................................. ..........................19

5.1 Strengths ............. .................................................. .........................................19

5.2 Weaknesses .................................................. .................................................. 19

6. References ...................... .................................................. ...................................19

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1. Introduction

1.1 What is urban pollution of heavy metals in surface?

Distribution

and

urban

pollution

of

heavy

metals

in

surface

features

city

more

closely

associated

with

the

soil

surface

in

different

functional

areas

have

different

levels of heavy metal contamination. Through the integration of the information given

and processing, and combined with our access to the relevant information necessary

to introduce some evaluation indicators.

in order to establish an appropriate mathematical model to analyze the degree of

pollution and heavy metal contamination of heavy metals in different areas within the

city's

main

reasons.

Through

the

establishment

of

the

model

and

the

modified

regression model to determine the location of the sources, and the model was further

optimized.

1.2 Introduction of heavy metals

Table 1.

Introduction of heavy metals

Elements

Antimony

Arsenic

Barium

Cadmium

< br>Lead

Mercury

Introduction

a semimetallic chemical element which can exist in two forms: the metallic form is

bright, silvery, hard and brittle.

It can exist in various allotropes, although only the gray form has important use

in industry.

It is the fifth element in Group 2, a soft silvery metallic alkaline earth metal.

It occurs as a minor component in most zinc ores and therefore is a byproduct of

zinc production.

It is a soft and malleable metal, which is regarded as a heavy metal and poor

metal.

It is a heavy, silvery-white metal

1.3 Restatement of Problem

With the rapid development of urban economy and the growing urban population,

human

activities

affect

the

quality

of

the

urban

environment

become

increasingly

prominent. Soil anomalies verified geological environment of the city, as well as how

to

apply

the

verification

of

the

data

obtained

to

carry

out

massive

urban

environmental

quality

evaluation,

research

evolved

under

the

influence

of

human

activity patterns of urban geological environment is increasingly becoming the focus

of attention.

Divided according to function, the city can be divided into living areas, industrial

zones, mountains, trunk roads and parks, green areas and other areas, denoted as Class

1,

Class

2

District, ......

5

class

district,

by

different

regional

environment

varying

degrees of influence of human activities.

1)

Given eight kinds of heavy metals in the main space of the city, and to analyze

the extent of contamination within the different areas of the city of heavy metals.

2)

through data analysis, mainly due to heavy metal contamination explanation.

3)

analysis

of

propagation

characteristics

of

heavy

metal

pollutants,

thereby

establishing a model to determine the location of sources.

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4)

analysis

of

the

advantages

and

disadvantages

that

you

build

the

model,

in

order to better study the geological evolution model of urban environment, but also

what information is collected? With this information, how to build the model to solve

the problem?

2. Assumptions and Parameters

2.1 Assumptions

We make a series of reasonable assumptions in this paper, which are applied in the

construction process of the optimization model. Our assumptions are listed as follow.

1) In the content of heavy metals in the sampling process is relatively stable.

2) In the recorded data are authentic and no error log on.

3) In the distribution of heavy metals in various regions are not mutated,

pollution emissions remain unchanged.

4) Ignore accidental factors affecting the spread and distribution of heavy metals.

Additional assumptions are made to simplify analysis for individual sections. These

assumptions will be discussed at the appropriate locations.

2.2 Parameters

S

ij

the

i

th functional areas in the j sample standard deviation of heavy metal species

E

ij

the

i

th functional areas in the j mean kind of heavy metal samples



ij

the

i

th functional areas of the first heavy metal species of the j sample

dispersion coefficient

i

number of c

ity

’

s functional areas

j

No. of the heavy metals

C

ij

the

i

th functional areas in the j heavy metal concentrations

C

max

the

i

t

h functional areas in the j of maximum concentrations of heavy metals

C

min

the

i

th functional areas in the j of minimum concentration of heavy metals

n

ij

the

i

th functional areas of heavy metals in the j number of samples

E

'

Mean corrected sample

Pi

Pollution index of heavy metals in the soil

B

j

J-value evaluation criteria of heavy metals

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PI

Each of heavy metal pollution index for each sampling point

3. Analysis and Solutions

3.1 heavy metals in the main space of the city's distribution

Data processing: the Annex I and Annex II of the data by number merge, get a new set

of data and process it. Keeping x, y coordinates unchanged, respectively, altitude, and

various

concentrations

of

heavy

metals

in

z

coordinates,

using

MATLAB

software

made by a three- dimensional interpolation method is shown below in

Figure 1

to

Figure 10

:

Figure 1.

Low-lying three- dimensional map

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Figure 2.

concentration of As of the three- dimensional map

Figure 3.

concentration of Cd of the three- dimensional map

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Figure 4.

concentration of Cr of the three- dimensional map

Figure 5.

concentration of Cu of the three- dimensional map

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Figure 6.

concentration of Hg of the three- dimensional map

Figure 7.

concentration of Ni of the three- dimensional map

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Figure 8.

concentration of Pb of the three- dimensional map

Figure 9.

concentration of Zn of the three- dimensional map

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Figure 10.

Ribbon location of sampling points scattergram

Scatter these various heavy metals were analyzed concentrations and location of

sampling points and the sampling point where the ribbon, you can get the following

conclusions:

eight

kinds

of

heavy

metals

in

the

major

urban

areas

mainly

in

the

industrial area, and living areas.

3.2 Analysis of the degree of contamination of heavy metals

The above table merged further processed by calculating the mean of the various

functional

areas

of

various

types

of

heavy

metal

concentration,

standard

deviation,

and the introduction of the dispersion coefficient



:

Dispersion

coeffi cien

t



ij



Sample

standard

deviatio n

S

ij

Sample

mean

E

ij