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英文科技论文写作经典常用例句

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刘亚楼简历-

2021年2月15日发(作者：我美丽的爱情)

经典常用例句

目

录

经典常用例句

.................................... .................................................. .............................................

目

录

.............. .................................................. .................................................. ............................

说

明

.............. .................................................. .................................................. ............................

常用动词

.................................................. .................................................. .......................................

一、

中性词

. .................................................. .................................................. .................

（文章等）给出、研究、建立、提出、提供

............................................... ........

由

…

得到、得出、得到（结论等）

.................... ..................................................

集中、侧重、强调、注重、聚焦、着重、投精力于

...........................................

用、使用、应用、采用、采取

......................................... .....................................

构造、形成、构成、由

…

构成、由

…

组成

................ ...........................................

覆盖、包括

................................................. .................................................. ...........

包含、包括、涉及

.............................................. .................................................. ..

认为、发现、观察

.............................................. .................................................. ..

基于、建立在

…

基础上

.

............................... .................................................. .......

1

0

10.

在于

.

.. .................................................. .................................................. ..........

1

0

11.

放、置于

.

.................................................. .................................................. ....

1

0

12.

影响

.

.. .................................................. .................................................. ..........

1

0

13.

考虑、考虑到

.
................................................ ................................................

11

14.

回到、追溯、回归、回顾

.

........................................... .................................

11

15.

寻求、打算

.

.................................. .................................................. ................

11

16.

确定、决定、作决定

.

............................................. .......................................

11

17.

刻画、描述、表述、描绘、叙述、陈述

................................................. ....

1

2

18.

指示、显示、表明、指出、指明、标明

................................................. ....

1

2

19.

意味着、推断、暗示、建议

.

.......................................... ..............................

1

2

20.

描述、刻画、理解

.

.............................................. ..........................................

1

2

21.

需要指出的是、需要强调的是、需要注意的是

.........................................

1

3

22.

推荐、建议、劝告

.

.............................................. ..........................................

1

3

23.

展示、表现、展现

.

.............................................. ..........................................

1

3

24.

控制、管理、监管、安排

.

........................................... .................................

1

3

25.

使得

.

.. .................................................. .................................................. ..........

1

3

26.

扩展、拓展、扩张

.

.............................................. ..........................................

1

3

27.

改变、变更、变化、修改

.

........................................... .................................

1

4

28.

贡献、占据、捐献

.

.............................................. ..........................................

1

4

29.

持续、维持

.

................................................. .................................................. .

1

4

30.

近似、逼近

.

................................................. .................................................. .

1

4

31.

接近、接触、进入

.

.............................................. ..........................................

1

4

32.

成为

.

.. .................................................. .................................................. ..........

1

4

33.

趋势、趋向、潮流、发展（变化）方向

................................................. ....

1

5

1

二、

褒义词

.

. .................................................. .................................................. ...............

1

5

1.

保证、确保、担保


.

................................ .................................................. ..............

1

5

2.

澄清、解释、解释为

.

............................... .................................................. ...........

1

5

3.

证明、证实、演示、例证

.

........................................... .........................................

1

5

4.

尽、尽量、尽力、尽可能的

.

.......................................... ......................................

1

6

5.

努力、尝试

.

................................................. .................................................. .........

1

6

6.

给出、提出、提供、给予、供给

.

........................................ ................................

1

6

7.

能、使能、能够、有能力

.

........................................... .........................................

1

7

8.

增加、增长、增强、加强

.

........................................... .........................................

1

7

9.

胜过、超过、比

…

多

.

.................................. .................................................. ........

1

7

10.

水平、有水平、高水平

.

............................................ ....................................

1

8

11.

有、享有、允许有、拥有、具有、带有

................................................. ....

1

8

12.

(

对

…)

起作用、有效、运行（执行）良好

..................................................

1

9

13.

优化

.

.. .................................................. .................................................. ..........

1

9

14.

支持、赞成、推荐、喜欢、更喜欢

. .................................................. ..........

1

9

15.

期待、期望、指望、有望、有希望

. .................................................. ..........

2

0

16.

提高、改进、有利于、发展、健康运行

................................................. ....

2

0

17.

进行、执行、实现、贯彻、完成

.

........................................ ........................

2

0

18.

解决、克服、突破、避免



.

............................ ................................................

2

1

19.

使

…

简单（容易）

、简洁、简便、方便、简单

...........................................

2

2

20.

优点、利益、好处

.

.............................................. ..........................................

2

2

21.

有价值、具有理论价值、应用价值（工程应用、价值）

.........................

2

3

常用名词

........................ .................................................. .................................................. .............

2

3

一、

中性词

.

........................... .................................................. .......................................

2

3

I.

单纯性名词

.

................................................. .................................................. .........

2

3

II.

动词的名词形式

.
 ............................................... .................................................. ...

2

3

III.

动名词

.

. .................................................. .................................................. .......

2

3

二、

褒义词

.

........................... .................................................. .......................................

2

3

I.

单纯性名词

.

................................................. .................................................. .........

2

3

II.

动词的名词形式

.
 ............................................... .................................................. ...

2

4

III.

动名词

.

. .................................................. .................................................. .......

2

4

三、

贬义词

.

........................... .................................................. .......................................

2

4

I.

单纯性名词

.

................................................. .................................................. .........

2

4

II.

动词的名词形式

.
 ............................................... .................................................. ...

2

4

III.

动名词

.

. .................................................. .................................................. .......

2

4

常用连词

......................................... .................................................. ..............................................

2

4

一、

比、象、如、连（联）

.

............................................ ............................................

2

4

1.

象、如、例如、正如

.

............................................. ...............................................

2

4

2.

联系、相关、联合、连接、关联、关系

................................................. ............

2

4

3.

相似、类似、与

…

一样（相似）

.

.... .................................................. ..................

2

5

4.

比、比较、对比

.

................................. .................................................. .................

2

6

5.

比

…

好，优于、超过、比

…

高、不亚于

......................................... ....................

2

7

6.

比

…

差、不如、不比

…

好、比

…

少

.

......... .................................................. .........

2

8

二、

因为、为了、所以、目标、观点、角度

................................................. ............

2

8

2

1.

因为、由于、鉴于、归功于、归因于

.

...................................... ..........................

2

8

2.

因此，所以

.

................................................. .................................................. .........

2

9

3. 

为、为了、为了

…

目的
 

.

....................... .................................................. ...............

2

9

4.

目标、目的

 .

................................... .................................................. .......................

3

0

5.

从

…

观点来看、从

…

角度讲、在

…

意义下、以

…

意义来看

.............................

3

0

常用短语

/

习语、常用副词

/

介词

........................................... .................................................. .....

3

0

1.

在

…

的前沿，在

…

领域

.

..... .................................................. .................................

3

0

2.

在

…

框架内

.

........................... .................................................. ...............................

3

0

3.

事先、预先、先于、在

…

以前、先前的、在前的

.................................. ...........

3

1

4.

适合于、适用于、可行的

.

........................................... .........................................

3

1

5.

重要的、有用的、本质的、关键的、有益的、作为工具的

.............................

3

1

6.

剩余的、其余的、剩下的

.

........................................... .........................................

3

2

7.

详细的、详细地

.
 ............................................... .................................................. ...

3

2

8.

以

…

（速度、顺序、尺寸、步长、字体等等）

............................... ..................

3

2

9.

就

…

而言、从

…

方面来看、在

…

方面

.

........ .................................................. ......

3

2

10.

倾向于、易于

.
................................................ ................................................

3

2

11.

可接受的、能接受的

.

............................................. .......................................

3

2

12.

直接的、直截了当的、显然的、平凡的、容易的

.....................................

3

3

13.

可利用的、可获得的、空闲的

.

......................................... ...........................

3

3

14.

上（半）部分、下（半）部分、左（右）上部、左（右）下部

.............

3

3

15.

稍微的（地）

、稍稍的（地）

、稍许

............. ................................................

3

4

16.

显然、明显的

.
................................................ ................................................

3

4

17.

大量的、丰富的

.
 ............................................... .............................................

3

4

18.

怎样、怎么

.

................................................. .................................................. .

3

4

19.
 无论如何

…

、不管如何

…

、无论何事

.............. ...........................................

3

4

语法及特殊结构、用法

.

............................................ .................................................. ..................

3

4

1.

现在分词的用法

.

................................. .................................................. .................

3

4

2.

过去分词的用法

.

................................. .................................................. .................

3

6

3.

不定式的用法：作宾语、作后置定语

.

...................................... ..........................

3

8

4.

缩写、略写、省略句

.

............................................. ...............................................

3

8

5.

特殊符号的用法

.
 ............................................... .................................................. ...

3

9

6.

特殊句式

.

.................................................. .................................................. ............

4

0

7.

（特殊）语法结构：独立主格结构、虚拟语气等等


.........................................

4

1

负面表述

................................................. .................................................. ......................................

4

2

一、

否定形式

.

.................................................. .................................................. ............

4

2

1.

Not

及

No

的形式否定

.

.............................................. ............................................

4

2

2.

介词意义否定

.
................................................ .................................................. ......

4

3

3.

动词意义否定

.
................................................ .................................................. ......

4

4

4.

短语意义否定

.
................................................ .................................................. ......

4

4

5.

形容词短语意义否定

.

............................................. ...............................................

4

5

6.

形容词、副词及其比较级意义否定

.

....................................... .............................

4

5

7.

前缀及后缀否定

.
 ............................................... .................................................. ...

4

5

8.

连词意义否定

.
................................................ .................................................. ......

4

6

二、

贬义动词

.

.................................................. .................................................. ............

4

6

3

1.

出现、发生、遇到、遭遇

.

........................................... .........................................

4

6

2.

牵扯、牵涉、卷入、包含

.

........................................... .........................................

4

7

3.

阻止

.

.. .................................................. .................................................. ..................

4

7

4.

导致、引起、招致、受困于



.

............................ .................................................. ..

4

8

5.

掩盖、遮住、隐瞒、隐藏

.

........................................... .........................................

4

8

6.

欺骗、被骗

.

................................................. .................................................. .........

4

8

7.

忽略、忽视、省略、避免

.

........................................... .........................................

4

9

8.

除

…

外、除

…

外（还有）

.

.......... .................................................. ........................

4

9

9.

排除、去除、删除、去掉、移动

.

........................... .............................................

4

9

10.

降低、减少、退化、恶化、减小

.

........................................ ........................

4

9

11.

失败、失效、舍弃

.

............................... .................................................. .......

5

0

12.

歪曲、曲解、扭曲

.

.............................................. ..........................................

5

0

13.

滥用、混淆、盲目

.

.............................................. ..........................................

5

0

14.

要求、需要、必需、必需品、必须

. .................................................. ..........

5

0

三、

贬义短语、名词、形容词、介词、连词

................................................. ............

5

2

1.

不便，麻烦，繁重


.

................................ .................................................. ..............

5

2

2.

破费、昂贵、在损害

…

的情况下、以损害

…

为代价

.................................... .....

5

2

3.

冒险、风险

.

................................................. .................................................. .........

5

3

4.

挑战

.

.. .................................................. .................................................. ..................

5

3

5.

缺点、缺陷、局限、不利条件

.

........................... .................................................

5

3

6.

困难、麻烦、障碍、损失（不利结果）

................................................. ............

5

4

7.

苛刻的、苛求的、受限的、有限的

.

....................................... .............................

5

4

8.

差、差的、最差、最差的

.

........................................... .........................................

5

4

9.

尽管、不管、不论

.

.............................................. ..................................................

5

5

四、

矛盾（常用于反证法）

.

............................................ ............................................

5

5

五、

区别、不同、与„不同

.

............................................ ............................................

5

5

图、表、例
................................................ .................................................. ...................................

5

6

1.

图

.

... .................................................. .................................................. .....................

5

6

2.

表

.

....................................... .................................................. ...................................

5

6

3.

例

.

... .................................................. .................................................. .....................

5

6

文章的结尾部分

.
 ............................................... .................................................. ...........................

5

6

1.

经验、教训

.

................................................. .................................................. .........

5

6

2.

总结、概括、报告、结论

.

........................................... .........................................

5

7

3.

将来的工作（研究）

、开放性的问题

....................................... ............................

5

7

4.

附录

.

.. .................................................. .................................................. ..................

5

8

5.

感谢、感激

 .

................................... .................................................. .......................

5

8

6.

（文献）引用、参考

.

............................... .................................................. ...........

5

8

专业知识

..................................... .................................................. ..................................................

5

9

一、

控制

.

.. .................................................. .................................................. ..................

5

9

二、

测量

.

........................... .................................................. ...........................................

5

9

三、

神经网络

.

.................................................. .................................................. ............

6

0

1.

数据及其处理

.

.................................. .................................................. ....................

6

0

2.

神经网络的结构与算法

.

.............................. .................................................. ........

6

0

3.

神经网络的训练

.
 ............................................... .................................................. ...

6

1

4

4.

神经网络训练的偏差与精度

.

.......................................... ......................................

6

2

5.

神经网络训练的收敛性（稳定）

.

........................................ ................................

6

2

6.

神经网络的逼近性能与特点

.

.......................................... ......................................

6

3

数学常用语
................................................ .................................................. ...................................

6

4

1.

向量、空间、系统的维数

.

........................................... .........................................

6

4

2.

微分、求导、初等变换、可微的（可导的）

、导数


...........................................

6

4

3.

解方程、给出

…

的解

.

.................................. .................................................. ........

6

4

4.

张成向量空间、取秩

.

............................................. ...............................................

6

4

5.

距离、度量

.

................................................. .................................................. .........

6

4

6.

平方根

.

. .................................................. .................................................. ...............

6

5

7.

区间

.

...................................... .................................................. ................................

6

5

8.

精度、准确性、精确性

.

............................................ ............................................

6

5

9.

前提、前提条件、充要条件

.

.......................................... ......................................

6

5

10.

在

…

情况

/

条件

/

背景

/

前提下、背景、情况、前提

.

... ..................................

6

5

11.

满足条件、满足要求、条件成立、结论成立

 .............................................

6

7

12.

可能性、概率、百分比

.

............................................ ....................................

6

7

13.

（作）差、距离、差值

.

............................................ ....................................

6

8

14.

带入、替代

.

................................................. .................................................. .

6

8

15.

迭代

.

.. .................................................. .................................................. ..........

6

8

16.

划分、分类、分组、分解

.

........................................... .................................

6

8

17.

逐步、逐点、逐渐

.

.............................................. ..........................................

6

9

18.

等价、等于

.

................................................. .................................................. .

6

9

19.

收敛、收敛速度

.
 ............................................... .............................................

6

9

20.

有限步内

.

.................................................. .................................................. ....

6

9

21.

计算、计算量

.
................................................ ................................................

6

9

说

明

1.

“经典常用例句”在其注释中包含“经典短语、经典搭配”等；

2.

这些例句均摘自“美国（或英国）原版外文材料（论文或图书）

”

，

完全值得信赖和模仿。

5

常用动词

一、

中性词

1.

（文章等）给出、研究、建立、提出、提供

(1)

To establish (1), it

suffices

to show that

(2)

The main results in this paper are the following theorems and

corollaries

.

(3)

The main theorem in this paper is presented in the following (next) section.

(4)

The

main stream

in the research for nonlinear control systems is based on the

state space

representation.

(5)

Our own contribution

lies in

the design of an algorithm that

derives

a

canonica

l realization.

(6)

In this paper the author

’

s

experience in applying

intelligent control

in the process industries

is

discussed

.

(7)

The second broad technique

considered

involves

(

涉及

) model predictive control.

(8)

These results have been

jointly

established

with

Liu and Zheng.

2.

由

…

得到、得出、得到（结论等）
 

(1)

As

a

simple

corollary

of

our

analysis

,

we

obtain

that

right

invertibility

in

the

sense

of

Nijmerjer

is the same as

in that of Fliess

.

Note:

as the same as;

the same as

(2)

Following

the steps

outlined

in section II we

find that

…

.

(3)

We

conclude

this section

by introducing

some notations and definitions.

(4)

Using

the

generalized

notion

of

controlled

invariance,

a

condition

for

the

controlled

invariance was

derived

.

(5)

The

results

when

compared

with

available

diagnostic

tools

show

that

significant

benefits

can be derived from the actual application of this technique.

(6)

However,

we

are

primarily

interested

in

how

(

连词

)

these

algorithms

perform

on

data

obtained from

chemical sensor arrays.

(7)

Because one of the sensors in the array did not respond at high humidities, it was removed,

resulting in

a three-dimensional pattern vector.

Note1:

resulting in sth1:

现在分词作

“目的状语”

，

译为

“ 从而得到

（获得）

，

因而得到，

从而导致，

这样便得到”

Note2:

at high

humidity

3.

集中、侧重、强调、注重、聚焦、着重、投精力于

(1)

Theorem 1

focuses on

the

application

of the essential orders

to

the decoupling problem.

(2)

Current

research

have thus been focused on

the application of such advanced techniques

as artificial neural networks (ANN), genetic algorithms (GA), expert systems and fuzzy logics to

engine diagnostic problems.

Note1:

正如“动名词”具有“名词性质“一样”
，名词同样具有“动词性质

”

（可以完
成动词的任务）

，

如此处的

“

application of sth1 to sth2

”

。还有，

“

generalization of sth1 to sth2

”

等等。

6

Note2:

focus on sth;

focus sth1 on sth2.

(3)

In

this

paper,

we

review

the

need

for

engine

diagnostics

and

maintenance,

present

some

aspects

of

the

ANN

application

to

diagnostic

problems,

highlight

some

features

of

ANN

that

make it amenable to GT diagnostics as well as its limitations

and finally discuss

its application to

gas path fault diagnosis of a developed case study.

(4)

The

focus

of the paper is

on

techniques that have proven

beneficial

in the process industries.

Note:

focus on;

prove + adj.

(5)

This paper has

been devoted to

the

generalization of

the notion of essential orders

to

the

class of nonlinear affine systems.

Note1:

be devoted to sth1 :

致力于

;

Note2:

generalization of sth1 to sth2.

4.

用、使用、应用、采用、采取

(1)

Methods

utilizing multivariate statistical techniques

are presented,

with applications to

soft sensing

and fault detection.

(2)

Gas turbines are used for aero and marine propulsion, power generation and as mechanical

drives for a wide range of industrial applications.

Note:

a wide range of industrial applications

(3)

Gas turbines are mechanical devices operating on a thermodynamic cycle with (

用

) air as the

working fluid.

Note:

“介词”可以完成“动词”的任务，如此处的“

with

（用）

”

(4)

Current

research have thus been focused on the application of such advanced techniques as

artificial

neural

networks

(ANN),

genetic

algorithms

(GA),

expert

systems

and

fuzzy

logics

to

engine diagnostic problems.

(5)

This

network

was

designed

to

assess

the

amount

of

DCF

present

in

the

compressor

and

compressor turbine.

Note:

be designed to do:

(6)

Coupling

pattern recognition algorithms and arrays of partially selective sensors

has been

employed

successfully

for

gas oxide sensors.

(7)

For

application

of the chemical sensor system to field measurements, the pattern recognition

algorithm must

accurately

classify new sensor signals.

Note:

“名词”动词化：名词具有动词的属性，如：

application

of sth1

to

sth2.

For application of sth1 to sth2:

为了将

sth1

应用于

sth2.

(8)

The classification rules

used by

the pattern recognition algorithm must be learned quickly.

Note:

sth1

used by

sth2:

sth2

所用到的

sth1.

(9)

Four data sets representing typical chemical sensor data

were employed

in

this research.

(10)

To help explain some of the results from this study, principal components analysis (PCA)

was employed to visualize

the pattern spaces.

(11)

Use

of

the

pooled

covariance

matrix

implies

that

the

covariance

(sometimes

called

variance-covariance) matrices for each class are not

significantly

different.

(12) The usual way to join parallel structures

is with the use of

coordinating conjunctions such as

Note1: the way to do sth:

做（实现）

…

的方法

/
途径

Note2:

be with the use of:

 是采用

/

使用

/

应用

…

7

For example:

The most convenient way to access your money from a home bank in the US

is with the use

of

an Automated Teller Machine (ATM) card.

The

problem

I

have

is

with

the

use

of

computer

technology

in

primary

and

secondary

schools.

5.

构造、形成、构成、由

…

构成、由

…

组成

(1)

CLASS1 data set

comprised

representations from all the possible fault scenarios.

Note:

comprise = consist of = be composed of

(2)

Chemical

fingerprints

for

the

target

analyte(s)

will

form

clusters

in

m

-dimensional

space

(where

m

is the number of sensors in the array).

(3)

The final data set (SAW2)

consists of

664 pattern vectors obtained from SAW data collected

using a six sensor array with a preconcentrator sampling system.

Note:

“定语的定语的定语”

6.

覆盖、包括

(1)

Generating data to

cover

all the possible

fault scenarios as well as

the required operating

conditions

defined by the power setting parameter and ambient conditions.

(2)

Further study of this anomaly

indicated that

this result

was due to

the fact that the training

and prediction subsets

do not cover

the same

data space

exactly.

Note1:

be due to:

由于，因为，归功于，归因于

Note2:

同位语从句（

that

）

Note3:

the same sth1

Note4:

cover:

覆盖、

包括、包含

7.

包含、包括、涉及

(1)

It

contains

a rich amount of

structural information about the system

.

Note

：

a

rich

amount of = a great amount of = a large amount of

，

a

large

number of

(2)

The procedures adopted

include

the following steps:

(3)

CLASS1 data set

comprised

representations from all the possible fault scenarios.

Note:

此处的“

comprise

”应为“由

…
组成”

。

(4)

The ANN module

involved in estimating

the fault in this component is APP1 (see Fig. 5).

Note:

be involved in n./doing :

涉及、专心于、用于、司职于

(5)

The ANN structure described above

forms

a part of the diagnostic tool

that includes

other

aspects

involved in

parameter corrections

as well as

aspects that provide linguistic information on

the nature and type of fault

since

ANN

only gives

qualitative and quantitative results

without any

explanation for them

.

Note:

form

的用法

(6)

Some of these vapors (DMMP, GD, VX, and HD)

were also included in

SAW1.

(7)

The SAW1 data set

contained

pattern vectors for three classes of vapor data.

Note:

differentiate

“

contain, hold; comprise, consist of, include, involve

”

:

contain and hold:

Sth1

contain (or hold)

sth2

:

通常来说，

sth2

并不是
sth1

的组成部分

;

另外，

hold

指“容

纳、

包含、

包括”

的能力，

而

contain

指的是一种客观存在的事实，

如：

The pitcher holds two

8

pints but contains only one.

（这个罐子可装两品脱，但现在只装了一品脱。

）

comprise, consist of, include, and involve:

sth1

comprise / consist of / include / involve

sth2

:

sth2

是（作为）

sth1

的组成部分

;

另

外，

comprise

=

consist

of

并且指的是：全部包含进去，

所包含的内容已“全部”列出

，而

include

和

involve

通常指的是：只列出了所包含内容的

“一部分”

，并且在通常情况下，所

列出的这一部分并不是所包含的内容的主体，而是作为“附属品”

；

最后，需要指出的是

“

involve

”

通常指的是

“包含不利的（不好的）事物 ”

，译为“涉及，牵连，牵涉，拖累，

卷入，使复杂”等。

(8)

The SIM1 data set

featured

six data classes that

were slightly overlapped

as seen in Fig. 1.

Note1:

feature:

作动词时：展示、展现、刻画；由

…

主演；

以

…

为卖点

；以

…

为特色；

另外，

最重要的是：它有“包含”的意思，而被包含的通常是具有“特征、特色及代表性”

的“东西”

（宾语）

，此例句中就是这个意思。

Note2:

slight; slightly = somewhat

Note3:

as seen in Fig.1 = as shown in Fig.1

(9)

The

SAW2

data

set

included

seven

data

classes,

several

of

which

featured

highly

overlapping clusters.

Note1:

several of which:

定语从句的用法

(10)

PNN

features

the fastest training

, but

has the highest computational requirements for

prediction.

Note1:

have requirements for

8.

认为、发现、观察

(1)

BP-ANN is considered the slowest and most difficult

to train

among the algorithms studied.

Note:

consider sth1:

考虑

…

consider sth1 sth2:

认为

sth1

是

（或具有）

sth2,

把

sth1

看作是

sth 2

，

相当于“

regard (sth1) as (sth2)

”

.

(2)

Thus, the prediction classification performance

for

BLDA can

be considered inflated

.

(3)

The configuration settings that

resulted in

the best classification performances

on

the training

and monitoring subset

data

were considered

optimal

.

Note1:

configuration (

配置

)

与

settings (

设置

)

不同。

Note2:

on data

Note3:

consider sth1 + adj. :

认为

…

怎么样，类似于“

find / make sth1 + adj.

”

。

(4)

For SIMCA, models based on two principal components for each class

were found to be

the

best configuration for each data set.

Note:

be found to do (be)

sth1 / adj. :

被发现

…

,

被认为

…

(5)

In this work, ten iterations

were found to be sufficient to

achieve convergence

.

Note:

be sufficient to do sth1

(6)

The

optimal

kernel

widths

for

the

four

data

sets

in

this

study

were

found

to

be

0.0358,

0.0678, 0.0138, and 0.0062 for SIM1, SIM2, SAW1, and SAW2,

respectively

.

(7)

For the four data sets in this study, 120, 120, 25, and 25 hidden units for SIM1, SIM2, SAW1,

and SAW2, respectively, were found to be optimal.

(8)

It

was

observed

that

the

BP-ANN

training

was

easily

trapped

in

local

minima,

thus

requiring

that

the

training

runs

for

each

configuration

be

repeated

10

times

to

increase

the

probability of convergence.

Note1:

be trapped = get stuck

：只是“

get stuck

”通常用于“否定句”中

9

Note2:

10 times

：表示“补语”

，前面不加介词，如“

f or

”等。

Note3:

require +

从句

:

需要用虚拟语气，

(should) do

Note4:

increase the probability of convergence

(9)

New study finds mammograms

have benefits in fighting

cancer.

Note1:

 宾语从句后面的“

that

”可以省略
 

Note2:

sth1 have benefits in doing sth2

9.

基于、建立在

…

基础上

(1)

The MLDA algorithm employed in this work

is based on

the Mahalanobis distance metric.

Note:

sth1 be based on sth2

(2)

The

assignment

of

class

membership

for

new

patterns

is

based

on

the

side

of

the

discriminant in which the pattern vector lies.

10.

在

于

(1)

In general

, the

key to solving

a decoupling problem

lies in

modifying the system’

s relative

degrees

and/or

structure

at

infinity

in

order

to

achieve

equality

between

these

two

lists

of

integers.

Note1:

in

general;

in

practice;

in

application;

in

principle;

in

operation;

in

effect;

in

condition; in essence; in detail; in depth; in fact; in theory;

Note2:

lie in

＋

名词（

or doing

）

:

在于

(2)

Our own contribution

lies in

the design of an algorithm that

derives

a

canonica

l realization.

11.

放

、置于

(1)

Since

multiple

concentrations

were

available for

each

vapor,

the

pattern

vectors

obtained

from

SAW

data

collected

from

an

exposure

to

amid-level

concentration

of

each

vapor

were

placed in

the prediction subset. The

remaining

pattern vectors

were placed in

the training subset.

Note1:

be available for sth1

Note2:

exposure to sth1

(2)

Each probability density function (PDF) is estimated by

placing

a Gaussian-shaped kernel

at

the location of

each pattern in the training set.

Note:

place sth1 at the location of sth2

12.

影

响

(1)

Often, they are affected by gas path faults which have hitherto been diagnosed by techniques

such as fault matrixes, fault trees and gas path analysis (GPA).

Note:

affect:

影响，通常指不利影响。

(2)

Normally,

costs

associated

with

the

design

and

manufacture

of

the

engine

are

fixed

and

rarely influenced

by the users.

Note1: associated with:

与

…

有关的

(3)

However,

when

the

turbines

are

removed

from

operation

due

to

forced

outages,

the

downtime

incurred

depends

on

the

time

required

to

complete

the

necessary

repair

or

maintenance action, hence

affecting

its availability.

(4)

Gas

path

faults

can

occur

during

the

operation

of

a

gas

turbine

and

because

they

affect

performance, it is necessary that they should be diagnosed and corrected.

10

(5)

This is because when one or both components included in the DCF

are lightly affected

by

fault, the fault pattern becomes basically similar to

that of

a SCF and is classified as such.

(6)

If both components in the DCF

are heavily affected

by fault, the pattern created becomes

very similar to that of a MCF and is thus classified

as such

.

13.

考

虑、考虑到

(1)

If we

take into account

also the (1)

（倒装）

, we see that

……

(2)

In view of the

changes in

world economy towards globalization and openness of the market,

any efforts

that can reduce the total cost of ownership and life-cycle cost of the equipment will be

added advantages.

Note:

in view of = in consideration of = take into account :

考虑到，鉴于

(3)

It

necessary

to

note

that

the

engine

under

consideration

has

four

basic

components

—

one

compressor, one combustor and two turbines.

(4)

Considering

the

level

and

complexity

of

the

faults

being

diagnosed,

especially

with

the

level of noise

added

, this degree of accuracy is satisfactory even in

actual

applications.

(5)

After

consideration

of

the

qualitative

features

of

an

ideal

pattern

recognition

algorithm,

LVQ still

rates very highly

.

Note1:

after consideration of sth1

Note2:

rate very highly:

具有在很高的等级。

rate

名词时：
等同于

“

l

evel of qu ality”

，

质量的等级标准；不及物动词时：在某等级；及物动词时：估价

,

认为

,

鉴定等级

(6)

We must

allow for

his inexperience. It takes about two hours to get to their office building,

allowing for

possible traffic delays.

Note1:

allow for:

考虑到，体谅

Note2:

it takes sb1 sometime to do sth1

14.

回

到、追溯、回归、回顾

(1)

We

now

come

back

to

(=return

to)

the

original

problem

of

the

study

of

the

smallest

distribution.

(2)

It

should

be

recalled

that

approximation

networks

are

created

to

quantify

the

amount

of

changes in independent variables.

15.

寻

求、打算

(1)

In the present analysis, we seek to develop a methodology

for

fault diagnostics of the gas

path of a two-shaft gas turbine.

16.

确

定、决定、作决定

(1)

We should

determine

the sensors to be monitored.

(2)

This can be done by

making

use of the sensor information available for the given engine

or

applying

such

techniques

as

gas

path

analysis

to

determine

the

optimum

combinations

that

would be effective to diagnose the desired faults.

(3)

This

method

of

determining

when

to

stop

training

is

sometimes

referred

to

as

Train-and-Test [15].

Note1:

determine when to do sth1:

此处“

when

”是名词（或代词）

：什么时候

Note2:

be referred to as:

被称为

…

11

(4)

The criteria used to

make this decision

for each data set will be discussed in the following

sections.

Note1:

make

this decision :

作决定

Note2:

in the following section

17.

刻

画、描述、表述、描绘、叙述、陈述

(1)

Under

certain

conditions

,

the

algorithm

characterizes

the

input

space

on

which

the

input- output map is

injective

.

18.

指

示、显示、表明、指出、指明、标明

(1)

The classification

accuracy

of CLASS1 is

very high

which

indicates

the networks ability to

adequately distinguish between a faulty and non-faulty engine.

(2)

Thus,

the

percentage

deviation

between

input

to

this

network

and

its

output

provides

an

indication of the amount of bias or even noise

present

in each of the sensors.

(3)

The

MSE

from

the

training

and

testing

process

in

the

presence

of

measurement

noise

indicates

the high estimation quality of the networks for the faults being diagnosed.

(4)

The MSE errors,

both for

training

and

testing of the network here again,

indicate

a very

high level of prediction accuracy.

(5)

However, the prediction classification

results

indicated that

BLDA performed the best.

Note1:

the results indicate that

(6)

Among the algorithms studied here,

it appears that

the neural network based

approaches

are

the most accurate

classifiers for typical chemical sensor array data.

Note:

among:

介词，在

…

之中

19.

意

味着、推断、暗示、建议

(1)

These

recent

results

suggest that

other classification algorithms

may be better suited than

BP-ANN for

this application.

(2)

In terms of classification accuracy, some

experimental evidence

suggests that

splitting

the

pattern recognition

into

a series of two-class improves prediction performance.

Note1:

experimental evidence:

试验证据

Note2:

split sth1 into sth2

：此处，动名词作主语

Note3:

improve

…

performance

(3) Parallel structure

means using

the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have

the same level of importance.

Note1: mean doing sth1 (to do

：补语

).

20.

描

述、刻画、理解

(1)

Sensor

failures

can

be

viewed

as

either

hard

catastrophic

failures

or

soft

uneasy

to

detect

failures.

(2)

This can be described as instrument non-repeatability or precision error, and can

be of

the

same order of magnitude as changes

induced by

a real engine fault.

(3)

A brief description of the operating principles of each algorithm

is given below

. For a more

theoretical

discussion

of

these

algorithms

and

pattern

recognition

in

general,

please

see

Refs.

[23-28].

12

Note:

a more theoretical discussion of sth1

21.

需

要指出的是、需要强调的是、需要注意的是

(1)

It should be noted that,

while possible,

the use of

probabilistic outputs in NN, LVQ and

BPANN

is not yet common.

Note1:

while possible = if possible

Note2:

not yet:

尚未，还未

22.

推

荐、建议、劝告

(1)

The PNN is recommended for applications

where

a confidence measure and fast training are

critical,

while

speed

and

memory

requirements

are

not

.

LVQ

is

suggested

for

all

other

applications of chemical sensor array pattern recognition.

Note:

all other

applications of

(2)

Thus, based on the results in this paper,

we recommend

the LVQ for most applications of

chemical sensor arrays

and the PNN for special cases

where a statistical measure is required.

Note1:

recommend sth1

Note2:

省略句

Note3:

required:

形容词：必需的、必不可少的、必要的、需要的

23.

展

示、表现、展现

(1)

Due to

the nonlinear nature of

the pattern space, neural networks and NN should

exhibit

good

classification

ability

.

Note1:

nonlinear nature = nonlinearity

Note2:

exhibit (good / poor) ability

24.

控

制、管理、监管、安排

(1)

Their downtime can be

managed

to acceptable levels as they are either easily replaceable or

generally designed with redundancy.

Note:

arrange sth1 to sth2

25.

使

得

(1)

It is unfortunate

that

I had not

written

the generalized inverter concept

as

a

separate

paper,

making

it difficult

to

trace in a literature search

.

(2)

The position of the discriminant computed by the BLDA procedure

was such that

most of

the patterns that it missed in the training subset

were not included in

the prediction subset.

Note1:

sth1 be such that +

从句

:



sth1

使得

…

(3)

Cancer of the esophagus may cause

such

an obstruction

that

only small quantities of food

can enter the stomach.

26.

扩

展、拓展、扩张

(1)

The

generalization

of these conditions

to

MIMO systems is open for further researches,

as

well as

the use of minimal number of output time-derivative.

13

27.

改

变、变更、变化、修改

(1)

The number of hidden layer neurons

was varied from 25 to 150

.

Note:

vary sth1 from A to B

(2)

However,

this

is

often

the

case

in

many

applications

due

to

the

constantly

changing

environments

found in

field measurements

.

Note1:

this is often the case

Note2:

constantly changing environments:

不断变化的环境

(3)

Additional variation is seen in Fig. 6

since

these pattern vectors

were obtained from

different

vapor concentrations

than

the training subset.

Note1:

be obtained from sth1

Note2:

t

han:

此处是“介词”

，与

…

比较：

in comparison with

28.

贡

献、占据、捐献

(1)

Operation and maintenance costs of a gas turbine

contribute

a major portion of the annual

maintenance budget of a company.

Note:

contribute:

贡献、捐献；但此处译为“占、占据”更好。

29.

持

续、维持

(1)

For each vapor, three exposures

lasting >10 min

were performed

at

different humidity

levels

(ranging from 0 to 80%) and trace level concentrations.

Note1:

last 10 minutes; last four years; last 5 days:

“

last

”

后面不加“

for

”
 ，因为后面的

时间作补语。

Note2:

perform exposure

Note3:

at

…

level

Note4:

range from sth1 to sth2

30.

近

似、逼近

(1)

A summary of the

approximation

networks are presented.

31.

接

近、接触、进入

(1)

I

believe

that

participating

in

the

ISIE2006

is

an

opportunity

to

access

the

most

recent

critical

information

and

update

your knowledge by visiting the ISIE2006 participating Industrial

exhibitor.

Note1:

动名词作主语

Note2:

be an opportunity to do sth1

Note1:

access

the most recent information:

接触到最新的重要信息

32.

成

为

(1)

BP-ANNs

have become

the

de facto

standard

for

chemical sensor pattern recognition due to

the

increasing

power of personal computers and their

inherent

advantages in modeling complex

data spaces.

14

33.

趋

势、趋向、潮流、发展（变化）方向

(1)

However, the results did not

follow this expected

trend

exactly.

二、

褒义词

1.

保证、确保、担保

(1)

We want to

ensure that

there exists a function such that

…

.

(2)

In general, current technology

has ensured that

the gas turbines

for

industrial application,

especially for

base load power plant operation, have high levels of reliability.

(3)

The

BP

training

algorithm

used

in

a

BP-ANN

is

both

slow

and

prone

to

local

minima,

requiring

many

replicate

optimizations

to ensure convergence.

2.

澄清、解释、解释为

(1)

In the sequel

we

argue that

the chain of subspace gives a linear algebraic

framework

that

clarifies

many

structural

properties

of

nonlinear

systems

and

leads

to

a

synthesis

of

many

previous works

on

rank invariants of nonlinear systems.

(2)

Before

proceeding

further

with

the

analysis,

we

want

to

stress

that

the

recursive

construction

indicated

by

algorithm

(8)

can

be

interpreted

as

a

nonlinear

analogue

of

the

construction in a linear system. We

return now to

the analysis of the properties of the sequence of

distributions in the nonlinear setting.

(3)

The ANN structure described above forms a part of the diagnostic tool

that includes

other

aspects

involved in

parameter corrections

as well as

aspects that provide linguistic information on

the nature and type of fault

since

ANN only gives qualitative and quantitative results

without any

explanation for them

.

Note:

explanation

for

sth1 :

对

…

的解释

(4)

To

help

explain

some

of

the

results

from

this

study,

principal

components

analysis

(PCA)

was employed to visualize

the pattern spaces.

(5)

The density-based methods, such as PNN, can

be interpreted as

posterior

probabilities.

3.

证明、证实、演示、例证

(1)

This

completes

the proof The proof is complete. (

Strict theorem proof)

(2)

It

turns

out

that

the

sufficient

conditions

for

DDPO

are

less

restrictive

than

the

existing

ones

,

and

most

importantly

they

provide

specific

procedures

to

construct

a

dynamic

output

feedback.

(3)

However,

in

recent

work

at

the

NRL,

using

simulated

chemical

sensor

array

data,

the

probabilistic

neural

network

(PNN)

was

shown

to

be

a

potentially

powerful

alternative

to

the

conventional

BP-ANN approaches.

Note1:

sth1 is shown to be + adj. / n.

Note2:

a potentially powerful alternative to sth1

Note3:

conventional = traditional

Note4:

in recent work, in recent research

(4)

The PC scores plots shown in Figs. 5 and 6

illustrate

the overlapping clusters for the GB and

GD classes

15

4.

尽、尽量、尽力、尽可能的

(1)

For many applications, the database

of training

ANN will need to be

updated

periodically

,

thus

requiring

the

algorithm

to

“relearn”

its

classification

rules.

This

procedure

must

be

performed

as simply and quickly as possible

.

Note1:

need to do

sth1:

需要

Note2:

require

sth1

to do

sth2:

要求

Note3:

as simply and quickly as possible

(2)

To our

(best)

knowledge, no studies

comparing

multiple pattern recognition algorithms

on

several chemical sensor array

data sets

have been reported.

Note1:

to our (best) knowledge:

就我们的所掌握的知识（情况）而言，据

(

尽

)

我们所知

Note2:

on data

5.

努力、尝试

(1)

A first attempt at this

, using

cruder

tools, was

made

in [1].

(2)

In view of the

changes in

world economy towards globalization and openness of the market,

any efforts

that can reduce the total cost of ownership and life-cycle cost of the equipment

will be added advantages.

(3)

We attempt to isolate the

affected

component.

Note1:

名词：

attempt at:

在

…

方面的努力

; attempt on :

对

…

攻击

;

make

an attempt to do

及物动词：

attempt to do / attempt sth.

Note2:

affected:

adj.

(4)

For

the

past

decade,

efforts

at

the

Naval

Research

Laboratory

(NRL)

have

been

directed

toward

using these sensor systems in the field or uncontrolled environments.

Note:

direct sth1 toward / to sth2/ doing sth2:

direct efforts toward using these sensor

(5)

BLDA, PNN, and NN require the

least

effort in

training.

Note1:

the least + n. / pron. :

表达了否定的意思

Note2:

effort in (sth / doing sth) = attempt at (sth / doing sth)

6.

给出、提出、提供、给予、供给

(1)

Thus,

the

percentage

deviation

between

input

to

this

network

and

its

output

provides

an

indication of the amount of bias or even noise

present

in each of the sensors.

(2)

Field

measurements

offer

additional

challenges

not

seen

in

the

laboratory

or

controlled

environments, such as the need to detect and identify the target analyte(s)

in the presence of

large

concentrations of interfering species that may or may not be known

beforehand

.

Note:

offer:

提出、提供、给予：

offer additional challenges:

提出了新的挑战

(3)

They

concluded

that

the

choice

of

the

best

algorithm

was

application

specific

and

that

hybrid approaches

offered great potential

.

Note1:

动词名词化：

the choice of the best algorithm

Note2:

offer great potential

(4)

To classify a new pattern,

the Euclidean distance

between the new pattern and each pattern

in the training set

is computed

. The Euclidean distance

metric

is given by

Eq. (1).

(5)

Distance based

approaches, such as NN, MLDA, SIMCA, PNN, and LVQ,

offer

additional

16

outlier rejection

power.

Note:

offer

…

power:

提过

…

能力（力量）

7.

能、使能、能够、有能力

(1)

For

real-time

analysis,

the

pattern

recognition

algorithm

must

be

able

to

produce

a

classification

quickly

. Thus, algorithms that are computationally intense may not be appropriate

for this application.

Note1:

algorithms

that are computationally intense

:

那些计算强度很高的算法

Note2:

be appropriate for = be suitable for = be applicable to :

适合于、适宜于、适用于

be applicable to :

强调“适用于”

，

“用”

否定

:

be not appropriate for = be inappropriate for

(2)

For chemical sensor array applications

in

uncontrolled environments, the pattern recognition

algorithm

must

be

able

to

reduce

the

potential

for

false

alarms

by

being

able

to

differentiate

between sensor signals which

it

was trained on and those which it was not.

Note1:

“

it

”

stands for

“the

pattern recognition algorithm

”

.

Note2:

differentiate between sth1 and sth2

Note3:

省略句及代词“

those

”的用法。

(3)

They also reported that each method

has its own relative advantages and disadvantages

and that the practitioner would

be wise to choose

the

appropriate

algorithm for the application at

hand.

Note1:

be wise to (

介词

) + n./pron. :

明白

…

，知道

…

，了解

…

be wise to do:

明智的做

…

，具有博学知识来做

…

,

有能力来做

…

Note2:

at hand

(4)

Stable

liquid

technology

will

enable

vaccines

to

be

stored

for

long

periods

without

refrigeration.

Note1:

enable sth1 to do sth2;

enable sth1 to be done

(5)

Information on the proposed experimental design and tests for statistical analysis of projects

will

enable

comparisons

to

be

made

between

different

approaches

adopted

by

various

researchers.

Note1:

make comparisons between

sth1 and sth2

8.

增加、增长、增强、加强

(1)

The

increase of difficulty

depends on the fact that

…

(2)

Therefore, in order to

increase

the overall profit

and be competitive

in the open market, the

users are left to manage the life-cycle costs of the engine during its operation and maintenance.

(3)

Other networks

showed

similar performance to those presented above, but generally,

as

the

complexity of the problem

being addressed increased, the degree of accuracy of the network in

addressing the problem reduced.

9.

胜过、超过、比

…

多

(1)

For applications

involving

a large number of sensors (i.e.

high

dimensionality of the pattern

vector)

or

requiring

many

pattern

vectors

to

describe

the

data

space,

the

memory

requirement

may

overcome

the amount

available on

most microcontroller cards.

Note1:

involve:

牵涉、卷入、包含，

一般指“不利的事情”

17

Note2:

require sth1

to do

sth2

Note2:

 此处的“

overcome

”

不是“克服、战胜、征服”的意思（指好的事情）

，

而是

“超过、胜过、比

…

多”

（通常指好的事情，但也可能是坏事，如此例句中的意思）

。

Note4:

the amount

10.

水

平、有水平、高水平

(1)

In general, current technology

has ensured that

the gas turbines

for

industrial application,

especially for

base load power plant operation, have high levels of reliability.

(2)

Their downtime can be

managed

to acceptable levels as they are either easily replaceable or

generally designed with redundancy.

(3)

After

consideration

of

the

qualitative

features

of

an

ideal

pattern

recognition

algorithm,

LVQ still

rates very highly

.

Note1:

after consideration of sth1

Note2:

rate very highly:

具有在很高的等级。

rate

名词时：

等同于

“

l

evel of quality”

，

质量的等级标准；不及物动词时：在某等级；及物动词时：估价

,

认为

,

鉴定等级

11.

有

、享有、允许有、拥有、具有、带有

(1)

The structure at infinity of Definition 1

enjoys

the following

properties

.

(2)

Traditional

techniques

for

gas

path

fault

diagnosis

such

as

visual

inspection,

fault

trees,

fault matrixes and gas path analysis, have their limitations.

(3)

In general, current technology

has ensured that

the gas turbines

for

industrial application,

especially for

base load power plant operation, have high levels of reliability.

(4)

This can be described as instrument non-repeatability or precision error, and can

be of

the

same order of magnitude as changes

induced by

a real engine fault.

Note:

be of:

(5)

It also has the basic advantage of novelty detection.

(6)

Among

the

seven

algorithms

in

this

study,

the

neural

network

based

algorithm

has

the

highest classification accuracy.

Note:

have the highest accuracy

(7)

Thus,

pattern

recognition

algorithms

with

large

memory

requirements

may

not

be

appropriate for this application.

Note:

with sth1 requirements :

要求有

sth1;

需要

sth1

：

名词动词化

(8)

Although many ANN researchers have attempted to

overcome these limitations

, there are

no

generally

acceptable

solutions

to

these problems.

Note1:

attempt to do sth1

Note2:

overcome these limitations

Note3:

no

generally

acceptable

solutions

to

these problems

Note4:

there

be

sth1

＋

地址

/

地点

(

此

“地址

/

地点”

在不确定或不需要指明或比较笼

统时可以省略

)

(9)

Compared with BP-ANN, LVQ classifiers

are simpler to construct

and

get stuck in

local

optima

less

frequently

,

but

have

a

large

random

component

in

training

that

results

in

longer

training times

compared with the statistical methods.

Note1:

be +

形容词

+ to do:

这个句型的主语可以是代词

“

it

”

（此时后面的不定式是

真正的主语）

，也可以是“真正的名词作主语”

（此作主语的名词其实是

to do

的宾语）

18

Note2:

get stuck in :

受骗于，被

…

欺骗，使劲干（通常指不知情的蛮干）

。这个词通常

用在“否定句”中，如此处的“

les s frequently

”

，或其他的

do not

等。

Note3:

result in

longer training times.

Note4:

less frequently

：表示否定意义

(10)

LVQ had the best classification performance

.

(11)

It

was

the

differential

geometric

framework

that

allowed

an

elegant

formulation

and

geometric interpretation of these problems and their solutions.

Note1: allow:

使拥有，

允许有，

拥有，

使得以实现

（发生）

；

用法

（甚至意义上）

与

“

enable

”

都非常相似。区别：

allow

强调主体（即主语）所

拥有

的“使事物得以发生”的性质和
能力，强调“主体拥有”

；

enable
 只是客观的描述主体具有“使事物可能发生”的性质

和能力。

(12)

They

allow

the BP-ANN outputs to be interpreted as posterior probabilities.

Note1:

allow sb1 / sth1 to do sth2 :

允许某人做某事

Note2:

allow sth1:

（允许）拥有，使得以发生，使拥有

(13)

The measurements of the main component concentrations in bioprocesses are very useful.

Indeed, they

allow

the on-line monitoring and control of the process.

12.

(

对

…

)

起作用、有效、运行（执行）良好

(1)

In

recent

research

by

Johnson

et

al.

,

neural

networks

based

upon

learning

vector

quantization (LVQ) were also found to

work well with

chemical sensor array data [12].

Note1:

sth1 be found to do:

Note2:

work (well) with sth1:

对

…

起（很好的）作用，对

…
（很）有效

(2)

They

found

that,

in

general,

neural-network

methods

performed

very

well

in

terms

of

predictive performance

but required

long training times and an expert's intuition

to implement

.

Note1:

perform very well

Note2:

require:

要求（有）

，需要（有）

N

ote3:

in terms of :

在

...

方面

,

就

…

而言

,

根据

…

来看

,

用

...

的话

,

根据

,

按照。
 与

“

with

reference to

”相同，而不同于“

according to

”

。

13.

优

化

(1)

The BP-ANN training procedure

employed

the Levenberg-Marquardt technique

to optimize

the weights

of the hidden layer.

Note1:

optimize the weights of

14.

支

持、赞成、推荐、喜欢、更喜欢

(1)

Applications

involving

multimodal

classes

require

a

nonlinear

boundary

between

the

classes. Thus, this data set would

appear to favor

the neural network and NN algorithms.

Note1:

applications

involving

sth1

require

sth2

Note2:

appear to do

：

看起来，表现出，显现出

Note3:

favor:

支持、赞成

(2)

To our knowledge,

only one other publication

has advocated

the use of this algorithm for

chemical sensor array pattern recognition [12].

Note1:

advocate

the use of

：拥护；提倡；主张

(3)

Thus, based on the results in this paper,

we recommend

the LVQ for most applications of

19

chemical sensor arrays

and the PNN for special cases

where a statistical measure is required.

Note1:

recommend sth1

Note2:

省略句

Note3:

required:

形容词：必需的、必不可少的、必要的、需要的

15.

期

待、期望、指望、有望、有希望

(1)

This

is expected to

cover the range of faults of interest during engine operation.

Note:

be expected to do:

以期

…

,

预计

…

(2)

Thus, SIMCA, PNN, BLDA, and MLDA would

be expected to

perform very well because

they

either presume

an underlying distribution

or attempt to model it

.

Note1:

presume:

姑且认为（有）

，假定，认为（有）

Note1:

 either

…

or

…

,

可以并列的连接“谓语动词”

，由此可见，

“连词”可以并列地连

接句子中地任意成分（部分）

。

16.

提

高、改进、有利于、发展、健康运行

(1)

Control

improvements

often

result

from

the

development

of

new

(hardware)

sensors

to

facilitate

the measurement of

key

process variables.

Note1:

名词可以具有“动词性质”

，如此处的“

development of sth1 to

facilitate sth1

”

(2)

For

the

operational

health

of

the

engine,

such

measurable

parameters

as

pressures,

temperatures, fuel flow are required.

Note:

形容词有时可以完成“ 动词”的任务，不一定非要用“动词”

，如此处的

“

measurable

”

(3)

In terms of classification accuracy, some

experimental evidence

suggests that

splitting

the

pattern recognition

into

a series of two-class improves prediction performance.

Note1:

experimental evidence:

试验证据

Note2:

split sth1 into sth2

：此处，动名词作主语

Note3:

improve

…

performance

17.

进

行、执行、实现、贯彻、完成

(1)

Information

in

the

open

literature

shows

the

level

of

research

being

carried

out

in

fault

diagnosis

using

ANN.

Note:

carry out = perform:

进行、执行

; perform training; perform classification

(2)

Generally,

all

classification

networks

performed

well

except

CLASS3

where

some

DCFs

were misclassified as either SCF or MCF.

Note:

perform

：运行良好，此处的 “

perform

”

是不及物动词。

(3)

The

level

of

accuracy

achieved

by

this

decentralized

application

of ANN

shows

derivable

benefits

over

techniques that

require

just a single

network

to perform

fault detection.

(4)

Implementation

of

these

sensor

systems

in

the

laboratory

or

process

monitoring

applications

is straightforward

since all of the major chemical interferences are either known or

eliminated

prior to

interacting with the sensors.

Note:

prior to n. / doing :

先于、在

…

以前、在

…

之前

(5)

For many applications, the database

of training

ANN will need to be

updated

periodically

,

thus

requiring

the

algorithm

to

“relearn”

its

classification

rules.

This

procedure

must

be

performed

as simply and quickly as possible

.

20

Note1:

need to do

sth1:

需要

Note2:

require

sth1

to do

sth2:

要求

Note3:

as simply and quickly as possible

Note4:

perform

procedure:

执行手续、执行程序、执行工序、执行过程

Different:

process, program, procedure.

(6)

In

an

attempt

to

determine

the

optimal

classifier,

several

researchers

have

performed

studies

comparing

pattern recognition algorithms

on

many types of data sets.

Note1:

in an attempt to do = in order to:

力图

,

试图

Note2:

compare sth1 on sth2:

在

sth2 (

基础
 )

上对

sth1

进行比较

;

在

sth2

方面对

sth1

进行比

较
 

Note3:

perform study; perform research; perform task; perform

(7)

Each of the seven pattern recognition algorithms employed in this study were

implemented

in

MATLAB.

Note:

be implemented in Matlab.

(8)

The classification of new patterns

is accomplished by propagating

the new pattern through

the neural network.

Note:

accomplish = perform

(9)

The

only

approach

that

can

perform

this

task

,

and

also

does

it

very

well

in

terms

of

classification accuracy, is PNN.

18.

解

决、克服、突破、避免

(1)

This was

overcome

by

relating

each of the fields

to

a common field.

(2)

We have

addressed

this problem by applying a hierarchical neural network structure.

(3)

Other networks

showed

similar performance to those presented above, but generally,

as

the

complexity of the problem

being addressed increased, the degree of accuracy of the network in

addressing the problem reduced.

(4)

In reality, gas turbine parameter interrelationships are

highly nonlinear

. Hence, Escher and

Singh [17] developed an iterative approach to the problem

with the principles

based on Urban’s

formulation.

(5)

Based on

the types of environments and situations

that

chemical sensor arrays

are expected

to operate

in, we can

select

six qualities

that

the ideal pattern recognition algorithm will have.

Note1:

 定语从句，用“

that

”引导，比“
 which

”引导看上去要“正规和顺畅”

。


Note2:

引导定语从句的“

that

或

which

”在从句中，既可以作“主语”

，也可以作“状

语”

（一般为介词短语中的名词）

，如此句中的“

t hat

chemical

sensor

arrays

are

expected

to

operate

in

”

，

还可以作从句中的

“宾语”

，

如此处的

“

that

the ideal pattern recognition algorithm

will have

”

。

Note3:

the types of

：

…

的类型

Note4:

in

…

environments / in

…

situations / in

…

environments and situations

Note5:

choose

和

select

的区别：

choose

通常是强调在“选择”某物时的意愿，特

别是当供挑选物只有两个时，我们应当用

choose; select

通常指“精挑细选”

。有好几个东西

供选择时，最好用

select

，因为有较多的被挑选物，挑选人就必须加以鉴别。

(6)

In

this

paper,

we

attempt

to

fill

that

gap

by

comparing

seven

classification

algorithms,

commonly used in the chemical sensor and pattern recognition communities, for their ability

to

meet the criteria

.

21

Note1:

fill the gap by doing

Note2:

meet the criteria

(7)

Thus, for applications requiring a large number of pattern vectors to adequately describe the

data

space,

this

is

a

major

drawback

,

although

this

limitation

can

be

partially

overcome

by

judiciously choosing the patterns in the training subset.

Note1:

drawback; judicious

Note2:

(partially) overcome this limitation

(8)

Although many ANN researchers have attempted to

overcome these limitations

, there are

no

generally

acceptable

solutions

to

these problems.

Note1:

attempt to do sth1

Note2:

overcome these limitations

Note3:

no

generally

acceptable

solutions

to

these problems

Note4:

there

be

sth1

＋

地址

/

地点

(

此

“地址

/

地点”

在不确定或不需要指明或比较笼

统时可以省略

)

(9)

For applications

involving

a large number of sensors (i.e.

high

dimensionality of the pattern

vector)

or

requiring

many

pattern

vectors

to

describe

the

data

space,

the

memory

requirement

may

overcome

the amount

available on

most microcontroller cards.

Note1:

involve:

牵涉、卷入、包含，

一般指“不利的事情”

Note2:

require sth1

to do

sth2

Note2:

此处的“

overcome

”

不是“克服、战胜、征服”的意思（指好的事情）

，

而是

“超过、胜过、比

…

多”

（通常指好的事情，但也可能是坏事，如此例句中的意思）

。

Note4:

the amount

(10)

To

overcome

this

practical

difficulty

,

we

developed

a

new

animal

model,

the

Burmese

python, to study the regulatory mechanisms of GI response.

19.

使

…

简单（容易）

、简洁、简便、方便、简单

(1)

For the sake of brevity, we have omitted a numerical example.

(2)

as a matter of

convenience

为方便起见

(3)

as a convenience

(4)

To avoid complication at this stage

, it will be assumed that …

(5)

for simplicity

(6)

for the concision of the form,

为了形式的简洁

(7)

Control

improvements

often

result

from

the

development

of

new

(hardware)

sensors

to

facilitate

the measurement of

key

process variables.

(8)

The idea was first

sketched

in [1].

(9)

Some of the above results can be rewritten

in a straightforward manner

for the class of

multivariable systems which have vector relative degrees.

(10)

It

is convenient to

illustrate the results obtained

so far

with the aid of

a simple

example

and to analyze

some other

characteristics

of the decomposition.

20.

优

点、利益、好处

(1) It also has the basic advantage of novelty detection.

(2)

BP-ANNs

have become

the

de facto

standard

for

chemical sensor pattern recognition due to

the

increasing

power of personal computers and their

inherent

advantages

in modeling complex

22

data spaces.

(3)

They also reported that each method

has its own relative advantages and disadvantages

and that the practitioner would

be wise to choose

the

appropriate

algorithm for the application at

hand.

Note1:

be wise to (

介词

) + n./pron. :

明白

…

，知道

…

，了解

…

be wise to do:

明智的做

…

，具有博学知识来做

…

,

有能力来做

…

Note2:

at hand

(4)

Future

work

in

our

laboratory

will

focus

on

methods

of

combining

the

LVQ

and

PNN

approaches, in order to

exploit the advantages of

both methods.

21.

有

价值、具有理论价值、应用价值（工程应用、价值）

(1)

However, the development of new sensors is often

prohibitively

costly exercise

. Hence,

in

the

context

of

low

cost

automation,

it

is

of

great

interest

to

consider

the

use

of

soft

sensors

instead of

hardware sensors.

(2)

It is of

practical as well as theoretical

interest.

(3)

Become

a

question

of

practical

importance

and

of

theoretical

interest

insofar

as

the

properties of…

常用名词

一、

中性词

I.

单纯性名词

II.

动

词的名词形式

III.

动名词

二、

褒义词

I.

单纯性名词

1.

进展，提高（计算能力）等

(1) At the same time, recent

advances in

model development from first principles and

increasing

computational capabilities

encourage the development of such a framework

in this direction

.

Note1: advances in:

在

…

方面的进展

Note2: increasing computational capabilities:

日益增长的计算能力

Note3: in this direction:

在这个方向上（方面）

2.

可获得、可获得性

(1)

The availability of

estimators for unutilized glucose substrate and biomass in a fermentation

process

can lead to

improved optimization and control.

Note1:

estimator for sth1; lead to sth1

23

Note2:

 现在分词和过去分词在

作定语时

，同样可以表达

“动词的意思”

，如此句中的

improved .

II.

动词的名词形式

III.

动名词

三、

贬义词

I.

单纯性名词

1.

困难、麻烦

(1)

One of the main difficulties in the

development

of such a sensor is the variation in the process

behavior from batch-to-batch, such as divergences in the weight of the initial inoculum or the

quality of raw material feed.

Note1: difficulty in sth

Note2: development of such a sensor

II.

动词的名词形式

III.

动名词

常用连词

一、

比、象、如、连（联）

1.

象、如、例如、正如

(1)

Like

in the

previous

Section, we need some

background material

.

(2)

He defines it

as before

, and introduces

…

(3)

As did (does) Wang

, suppose that the input function

u(t)

to

the system.

2.

联系、相关、联合、连接、关联、关系

(1)

We now

relate

the list of ranks

to

(with)

the list of

…

(2)

It

can

be

used

to

establish

links

between

these

algorithms

and

the

differential

algebraic

approach,

as well as

to solve some static and dynamic noninteracting problems.

(3)

There is

no

connection

between them.

(4)

It is important to

remark

that the

relationship

of…

(5)

The pattern recognition algorithm must be able to produce a statistical measure

concerning

the certainty of the classification.

Note:

concerning = about = on = associated with = related / relating to = in reference to

(6)

LVQ

combines

some of the

features

of NN

and

competitive learning ANNs.

Note:

some of sth.

24

(7)

Given

enough pattern vectors, an external distribution of classification scores could

be used

in conjunction with any of the seven algorithms studied here to provide some

confidence levels

,

but requires

extensive calculations

and

large amounts of available data

.

Note1:

Given sth1, sth2

…

Note2:

in conjunction with:

与

...

协力、与

…

合力

Note3:

provide some

confidence levels

:
提高置信水平，提供具有信心的水平，增加信

心。

Note4:

extensive = a large amount of = large amounts of

3.

相似、类似、与

…

一样（相似）

(1)

Before

proceeding

further

with

the

analysis,

we

want

to

stress

that

the

recursive

construction

indicated

by

algorithm

(8)

can

be

interpreted

as

a

nonlinear

analogue

of

the

construction in a linear system. We

return now to

the analysis of the properties of the sequence of

distributions in the nonlinear setting.

(2)

The classification accuracy

achieved

(Table 5)

is similar to

that

from

Fig. 5.

(3)

Other networks

showed

similar performance to those presented above, but generally,

as

the

complexity of the problem

being addressed increased, the degree of accuracy of the network in

addressing the problem reduced.

Note:

be similar to ------

similar

sth1

to

sth2.

类似于：

generalization

of sth1

to

sth2

(4)

It is quite

analogous

to that given by ……

(5)

Analogously to

Theorem 1 this problem is

approached

as follows

.

(6)

Thus, we

conclude

that locally the system

displays

a behavior

strictly

analogous to

the one

described in Section 1.

Noet

：

be analogous to sth.

: to

是介词。

synonym

：

be similar to, in a similar vein

(

介词短语，做状语用的

)

antonym

：

as opposed to sth.

(7)

Similar to SAW1, one of the sensors in the array did not

provide

any additional

information

and

was removed, resulting in a five-dimensional pattern vector.

Note1:

用“

similar to sth1

”

，而不是用“

similarly to

”

，尤其是作为开头

Note2:

provide additional information

(8)

The PNN will

produce

the same

classification decisions

as

a NN classifier.

Note:

the same sth1 as sth2

(9)

LVQ uses a competitive learning algorithm to define a

smaller

set of reference vectors that

span the same space as the original training set patterns.

Note:

a

smaller

set of

(10)

Analogous

to

SIM1

,

a

large

number

of

patterns

were

available

for

each

class

and

were

normally distributed

about the mean vector.

Note1:

analogous to = similar to

Note2:

a large number of = a large amount of

Note3:

sth1 be available for sth2: sth2

可以获得（利用）

sth1

(11)

Since the training and prediction subsets are similar and more training patterns are available,

the PNN and NN classification performances should

improve over

the SAW1 results.

Note1:

be similar (to):

相似的，后面可以跟“

to

”

，

但如果单纯作“表语”

，也可以单独

使用

。再如，此句中的“

available

”也是如此。

25

Note2:

over:

介词：比

…

高、超过、超出（通常指好的方面）

Note3:

improve over sth1

，此处的

improve
 是“不及物动词”

。

(12)

However, even for the

applications where

the pattern vectors are normally distributed about

a

mean

vector,

the

neural

network

approaches

still

classify

them

as

accurately

as

the

other

approaches.

Note1:

for the

applications where

+

从句

Note2:

as +

adj.

/ adv.

+ as

4.

比、比较、对比

(1)

The MSE and RMS

defined

by Eqs. (2) and (3), respectively, are the statistical parameters

used

to

examine

the

performance

of

the

networks

as

well

as

make

comparisons

with

other

diagnostic techniques in this work.

(2)

This

is

in

contrast

with

the

ANN

results,

which

shows

that

the

instrumentation

suite

is

sufficient.

Note:

(be) in contrast with

(3)

Had

noise been included in the NLGPA measurements, the ANN diagnostic results may have

compared

favourably

with

those

from

NLGPA

or

even better

since

no

noise

filtering

algorithm

exist in the NLGPA tool.

(4)

Probabilistic neural networks (PNN), back-propagation artificial neural networks (BP- ANN),

and

the nearest- neighbor

(NN)

pattern

recognition

algorithms

are

compared

for

their

ability

to

classify chemical sensor array data (

不定式做后置定语

).

Note:

be compared for:

(5)

Comparisons

are made

based on five

qualitative

criteria (speed, training difficulty, memory

requirements, robustness to outliers, and the ability to produce a measure of uncertainty) and one

quantitative

criterion (classification accuracy).

(6)

Both, LDA and SIMCA are

computationally

simpler and easier

to train

than a BPANN, but

have trouble with multimodal.

(7)

In

an

attempt

to

determine

the

optimal

classifier,

several

researchers

have

performed

studies

comparing

pattern recognition algorithms

on

many types of data sets.

Note1:

in an attempt to do = in order to:

力图

,

试图

Note2:

compare sth1 on sth2:

在

sth2 (

基础
 )

上对

sth1

进行比较

;

在

sth2

方面对

sth1

进行比

较
 

Note3:

perform

study;

perform

research;

perform

task;

perform

comparison

(=

make

comparison);

(8)

Derde and Massart

performed

a qualitative

comparison

of several classifiers popular in the

general

chemometrics

community

(

形容词短语作后置定语

)

including

SIMCA,

LDA,

and

ALLOC (similar to PNN)

(

现在分词作补语

)

.

Note1:

perform a comparison of = make a comparison of

Note2:

be popular in

somewhere/ in some aspects

(9)

Their comparisons

were based on

four technical (optimal decision boundaries, overlapping

regions,

degree

of

certainty,

and

outliers)

and

four

practical

(updates,

variables

of

mixed

type,

irrelevant parameters, and ease of use) aspects of supervised pattern recognition.

(10)

They

studied

23

types

of

machine-learning,

statistical,

and

neural-classification

methods

(including

LDA,

ALLOC,

BP- ANN

and

LVQ)

and

compared

them

on

both,

qualitative

and

26

quantitative aspects.

(11)

Compared with BP-ANN, LVQ classifiers

are simpler to construct

and

get stuck in

local

optima

less

frequently

,

but

have

a

large

random

component

in

training

that

results

in

longer

training times

compared with the statistical methods.

Note1:

be +

形容词

/

名词

+ to do:

这个句型的主语可以是代词“

it

”

（此时后面的

不定式是真正的主语）

，

也可以是

“真正的名词作主语”

（此作主语的名词其实是

to do

的宾

语）

Note2:

get stuck in :

受骗于，被

…

欺骗，使劲干（通常指不知情的蛮干）

。这个词通常

用在“否定句”中，如此处的“

less frequently

”
，或其他的

do not

等。

Note3:

result in

longer training times.

Note4:

less frequently

：表示否定意义

(12)

SIMCA did perform the best and PNN also did very well,

but

MLDA and BLDA

did not

achieve satisfactory results

. NN

performed the worst

on

this data set.

Note1:

achieve satisfactory results

Note2:

perform the best / worst :

做得（完成的）最好

/

最差

Note3:

on

data

(13)

Additional variation is seen in Fig. 6

since

these pattern vectors

were obtained from

different vapor concentrations

than

the training subset.

Note1:

be obtained from sth1

Note2:

t

han:

此处是“介词”

，与

…

比较：

in comparison with

(14)

For this data set, LVQ performed the best

with

PNN, NN, and BP-ANN

also doing very

well.

Note1:

with sth1 doing:

with

引导的复合结构（可理解为一种独立主格结构）

(15)

One is better off now

than

one has

ever

been

before

.

词句可简化为：

One is better off now

than ever before

.

Note1:

than ever before:

比以前

…

，比以往

…

再如：

It was a chance to explore and document the punk rock community more extensively

than

ever before

.

I

t is better than it is ever been before.

可简化为：

It is better

than ever before.

We want everything better, faster, easier, and more personalized

than ever before

5.

比

…

好，优于、超过、比

…

高、不亚于

(1)

Had

noise been included in the NLGPA measurements, the ANN diagnostic results may have

compared

favourably

with

those

from

NLGPA

or

even better

since

no

noise

filtering

algorithm

exist in

the NLGPA tool.

Note1: compare favourably with:

优于；不亚于

Note2:

“

Had

noise been included in the NLGPA measurements

”是虚拟语气的一种，本

质上表示“强调”

。

Note3:

此处的“

or even better

”是与“

favourably

”相连接的。

(2)

The

level

of

accuracy

achieved

by

this

decentralized

application

of ANN

shows

derivable

benefits

over

techniques that

require

just a single

network

to perform

fault detection.

(3)

When

considering

the

qualitative

criteria,

the

LVQ

and

PNN

approaches

fare

well

27

compared to

BP-ANN due to their simpler training methods.

Note:

fare well compare to = compare favourably with

(4)

Its

prediction

performance

is

much

better

than

its

relatively

poor

classification

of

the

patterns in the training subset.

Note1:

be much better than

Note2:

relatively

poor

(5)

Since the training and prediction subsets are similar and more training patterns are available,

the PNN and NN classification performances should

improve over

the SAW1 results.

Note1:

be similar (to):

相似的，后面可以跟“

to

”

，

但如果单纯作“表语”

，也可以单独

使用

。再如，此句中的“

available

”也是如此。

Note2:

over:

介词：比

…

高、超过、超出（通常指好的方面）

Note3:

improve over sth1

，此处的

improve

是“不及物动词”
 。

6.

比

…

差、不如、不比

…

好、比

…

少

(1)

However, it was noticed that,

despite having

the best training results,

the performance

of

BP-ANN

in prediction

was no better than

the other algorithms.

Note1:

despite sth1 /

doing sth1

:

尽管

…

Note2:

be no better than:

比

…

差、不比

…

好

,

与

…

差不多

Note3:

performance in sth1:

在

…

方面的性能

(2)

Both

PNN

and

LVQ

require

fewer

adjustable

parameters

than

BP-ANN,

which

results

in

faster training times and implies a

more reliable

classifier.

Note1:

比较级可以出现在“表语、定语、状语”等任意一处。

Note2:

which

引导的是“非限制性定语从句”

，

which

代表前面整个句子。

总结：比较的对象可以是句子中的“任何成分”

（如主语、谓语、

宾语、表语，甚至是整个句子）

，而比较级（形容词或副词）

既可以

作“表语”

，又可以作“状语”

，还可以作“定语”

。记住如下原则：

凡是“形容词和副词可以出现的地方都可以进行比较（作比较级）

”

。

二、

因为、为了、所以、目标、观点、角度

1.

因为、由于、鉴于、归功于、归因于

(1)

His algorithm is

in fact

a generalization of

previous

algorithms,

due to

Silverman [1] and

zhang [2] that are

only

applicable

under some restrictive conditions.

(2)

In view of the

changes in

world economy towards globalization and openness of the market,

any efforts

that can reduce the total cost of ownership and life-cycle cost of the equipment will be

added advantages.

Note1:

in view of = in consideration of :

考虑到，鉴于

Note2:

change in somewhere; increase in somewhere;

28

Note3:

 定语从句用“

that

”引导，看上去比“

which

”

要纯正和顺畅

Note4:

added:

更多的

,

附加的

,

额外的

;

added advantages

(3)

This

is

because

these

components

are

normally

not

held

in

spares,

either

by

the

users

or

manufacturers, due to their high costs

but

low in demand.

Note1:

This is because +

从句

;

Note2

：

but

的用法：

due to their high costs but low in demand.

(4)

The new maintenance downtime is then only due to actual repair time.

Note:

be due to something:

(5)

This is because when one or both components included in the DCF are

lightly affected

by

fault, the fault pattern becomes basically similar to

that of

a SCF and is classified as such.

Note:

as such:

同样的，如所指的，照那样

(6)

Considering

the

level

and

complexity

of

the

faults

being

diagnosed,

especially

with

the

level of noise

added

, this degree of accuracy is satisfactory even in

actual

applications.

(7)

The

technique

presented

,

combined

with

inference

tools

such

as

expert

system

or

fuzzy

logic could

be expanded to produce

an engine health monitoring scheme

since

ANN also

has the

ability

to fuse

data

from

other

associated

performance monitoring

techniques

such as

vibration

and oil analysis (

介词短语直接做后置定语

).

Note1:

have ability to do

(8)

The ANN structure described above forms a part of the diagnostic tool

that includes

other

aspects involved in parameter corrections

as well as

aspects that provide linguistic information on

the nature and type of fault

since

ANN only gives qualitative and quantitative results

without any

explanation for them

.

(9)

Since

multiple

concentrations

were

available for

each

vapor,

the

pattern

vectors

obtained

from SAW data collected from an exposure to amid-level concentration of each vapor were placed

in the prediction subset.

Note1:

be available for sth1

Note2:

exposure to sth1

(10)

On

account

of

the

overlapping

clusters

and

multimodality,

chemical

sensor

data

often

requires nonlinear classifiers.

Note:

on account of = because of

2.

因此，所以

(1)

The

initial

assignment

of

the

classification

for

each

reference

vector

is

done

using

the

relative distribution of the output data classes

so that

the hidden layer is a

statistically accurate

representation of the pattern space.

Note:

statistically accurate:

统计（学）上准确的；从统计学的观点来看是准确的

(??)

3.

为、为了、为了

…

目的

(1)

Therefore, in order to

increase

the overall profit

and be competitive

in the open market, the

users are left to manage the life-cycle costs of the engine during its operation and maintenance.

(2)

The

precision

values

were

applied

to

all

simulated

data

before

introduction

to

the

ANN

program for training and testing purposes.

(3)

For

application

of the chemical sensor system to field measurements, the pattern recognition

algorithm must

accurately

classify new sensor signals.

29

Note:

“名词”动词化：名词具有动词的属性，如：

application

of sth1

to

sth2.

For application of sth1 to sth2:

为了将

sth1

应用于

sth2.

(4)

In

an

attempt

to

determine

the

optimal

classifier,

several

researchers

have

performed

studies

comparing

pattern recognition algorithms

on

many types of data sets.

Note1:

in an attempt to do = in order to:

力图

,

试图

Note2:

compare sth1 on sth2:

在

sth2 (

基础
 )

上对

sth1

进行比较

;

在

sth2

方面对

sth1

进行比

较
 

Note3:

perform study; perform research; perform task; perform

(5)

Pattern

vectors

from

replicate

exposures

were

kept

together

in

order

to

make

the

classification as realistic as possible.

4.

目标、目的

(1)

The

primary

objectives

of

all

maintenance

strategies

are

to

reduce

equipment

downtime,

increase

reliability

and

availability

of

the

equipment

which

at

the

same

time

optimizes

the

life-cycle costs of the equipment.

Note1:

be to do:

是要做，要做

(2)

Our

aim

in this paper is that

…

(3)

The main

goal

of this paper

is to

find this

property

by

extending

the definition of essential

orders

and

showing

that

they

represent

the

smallest

structure

at

infinity

that

is

reachable

by

a

compensator

that

can

decouple

a nonlinear system.

5.

从

…

观点来看、从

…

角度讲、在

…

意义下、以

…

意义来看

(1)

Once

the input-output differential equation is obtained, the computations

are constructive

in

the

sense

that

the

required

input-output

injection

and

linearizing

coordinate

are

derived

for

differential forms.

in the sense of = in the sense that

(2)

Urban [1]

considered

this relationship from a linear perspective and his work is now more

commonly

termed

the linear gas path analysis (LGPA).

(3)

They

found

that,

in

general,

neural-network

methods

performed

very

well

in

terms

of

predictive performance

but required

long training times and an expert's intuition

to implement

.

Note1:

perform very well

Note2:

require:

要求（有）

，需要（有）

Note3:

in terms of :

在

.. .

方面

,

就

…

而言

,

根据

…

来看

,

用

...

的话

,

根据

,

按照。
 与

“

with

reference to

”

相同，

而不同于

“

according to

”

,

也不同于

“

in view of / due to / because of

”

等。

常用短语

/

习语、常用副词

/

介词

1.

在

…

的前沿，在

…

领域

2.

在

…

框架内

(1)

The

concept

of

relative

order

of

an

output

with

respect

to

an

input,

extended

to

include

disturbance as well as manipulated inputs, is generalized

in a MIMO context

and it is used to

30

obtain

a

characterization

of

the

dynamic

interactions

among

the

input

and

the

output

variables.

Note1: in a/the

…

context

；

in the context of

(2)

It

was

the

differential

geometric

framework

that

allowed

an

elegant

formulation

and

geometric interpretation of these problems and their solutions.

Note1: in

…

framework; in the framework of

3.

事先、预先、先于、在

…

以前、先前的、在前的

(1)

Implementation

of

these

sensor

systems

in

the

laboratory

or

process

monitoring

applications

is straightforward

since all of the major chemical interferences are either known or

eliminated

prior to

interacting with the sensors.

Note:

prior to n. / doing :

先于、在

…

以前、在

…

之前

(2)

Field

measurements

offer

additional

challenges

not

seen

in

the

laboratory

or

controlled

environments, such as the need to detect and identify the target analyte(s)

in the presence of

large

concentrations of interfering species that may or may not be known

beforehand

.

(3)

Also,

the

optimal

architecture

(e.g.

number

of

hidden

units

and

layers)

is

not

known

in

advance

and must be found through

trial and error

.

Note1:

in advance = beforehand:

事先、预先、提前

Note2:

trial and error:

试错法、反复试验

4.

适合于、适用于、可行的

(1)

For

real-time

analysis,

the

pattern

recognition

algorithm

must

be

able

to

produce

a

classification

quickly

. Thus, algorithms that are computationally intense may not be appropriate

for this application.

Note1:

algorithms

that are computationally intense

:

那些计算强度很高的算法

Note2:

be appropriate for = be suitable for = be applicable to :

适合于、适宜于、适用于

be applicable to :

强调“适用于”

，

“用”

否定

:

be not appropriate for = be inappropriate for

(2)

Such an approach will not

be feasible for

many applications.

Note:

be feasible for sth1:

适用于，对

…

是可行的

(3)

For pattern recognition algorithms with long training times,

expressing

the application

as

a

series of two-class problems

may not be feasible

.

5.

重要的、有用的、本质的、关键的、有益的、作为工具的

(1)

In general

, the

key to solving

a decoupling problem

lies in

modifying the system’

s relative

degrees

and/or

structure

at

infinity

in

order

to

achieve

equality

between

these

two

lists

of

integers.

(2)

We

illustrate

now a property of the matrix which is

instrumental

in achieving

involutivity.

(3)

The two local decomposition

thus obtained

are very useful

in

understanding the input-state

and state-output behavior of the control system (1).

(4)

It

turns

out

that

the

sufficient

conditions

for

DDPO

are

less

restrictive

than

the

existing

ones

,

and

most

importantly

they

provide

specific

procedures

to

construct

a

dynamic

output

feedback.

(5)

We introduce now another distribution, which

plays an important role

in the study of local

31

decompositions of the form (7).

(6)

The proposition

is useful in studying

the state-output interactions.

Note:

be useful in doing sth.

(7)

Pattern

recognition

algorithms

have

become

a

critical

component

in

the

successful

implementation of chemical sensor arrays and electronic noses.

(8)

The key variables for LVQ are the number of hidden layer neurons and the learning rate. In

this work, the learning rate

was set initially to

0.05 and

decreased by 10%

every 500 epochs.

Note1:

the number of:

…

的数目；

a number of:

大量的

Note2:

the learning rate

Note3:

be set to

sth1

Note4:

decreased by 10%

every 500 epochs.

6.

剩余的、其余的、剩下的

(1)

Two of these data sets

involved

manufactured or simulated data, while

the

remaining

data

were collected using SAW chemical sensor systems.

Note:

by using,

通常可以将

“

by
”

省略掉，

构成

“分词的悬垂结构 ”

，

逻辑主语为

“
we,

people, person

”等，当然，不省略也可以；而其他的及物动词前面的“

by

”通常不能省略。

7.

详细的、详细地

(1)

This SAW sensor system is discussed

in detail

in Refs. [20,21].

8.

以

…

（速度、顺序、尺寸、步长、字体等等）

(1)

After initialization, the patterns in the training set

are repeatedly presented to

the hidden

layer

in a random order.

Note:

in

a random order

(2)

The percentages that are listed

in bold typeface

are the prediction performance for each data

set that

was judged

by the authors

as

the best.

Note1:

judge sth1 as sth2

Note2:

the best:

最好的（东西）

9.

就

…

而言、从

…

方面来看、在

…

方面

(1)

In

terms

of

the

speed

of

operation,

only

NN

and

PNN

do

not

meet

the

necessary

requirements because

the distance

between the new pattern and every pattern in the training set

must

be performed for each calculation.

(2)

The

only

approach

that

can

perform

this

task

,

and

also

does

it

very

well

in

terms

of

classification accuracy, is PNN.

10.

倾

向于、易于

(1)

The

BP

training

algorithm

used

in

a

BP-ANN

is

both

slow

and

prone

to

local

minima,

requiring

many

replicate

optimizations

to ensure convergence.

Note1:

be prone to sth1

11.

可

接受的、能接受的

(1)

However, for applications

involving

simple pattern spaces, the choice of architecture is not

32

critical and training speeds

are usually acceptable

.

12.

直

接的、直截了当的、显然的、平凡的、容易的

(1)

SIMCA methods train quickly but sometimes

determining

the optimum number of PCs

is

not straightforward.

Note1:

train quickly

Note2:

动名词直接作主语：

determining the optimum number of PCs

Note3:

be straightforward

(2)

However,

in

such

distance-based

schemes,

the

choice

of

a

rejection

criterion

is

not

straightforward.

Note:

in such distance-based scheme

(3)

The SIMCA and neural network (LVQ and BPANN) algorithms

have many configuration

options

.

To

make

this

comparison

as

fair

as

possible,

several

configuration

options

for

each

approach were used.

Note1:

have many options:

有多种选择

Note2:

as fair as possible:

尽可能直接地（清楚地、公正地）

13.

可

利用的、可获得的、空闲的

(1)

For applications

involving

a large number of sensors (i.e.

high

dimensionality of the pattern

vector)

or

requiring

many

pattern

vectors

to

describe

the

data

space,

the

memory

requirement

may

overcome

the amount

available

on

most microcontroller cards.

Note1:

involve:

牵涉、卷入、包含，

一般指“不利的事情”

Note2:

require sth1

to do

sth2

Note2:

 此处的“

overcome

”

不是“克服、战胜、征服”的意思（指好的事情）

，

而是

“超过、胜过、比

…

多”

（通常指好的事情，但也可能是坏事，如此例句中的意思）

。

Note4:

the amount

(2)

Analogous

to

SIM1

,

a

large

number

of

patterns

were

available

for

each

class

and

were

normally distributed

about the mean vector.

Note1:

analogous to = similar to

Note2:

a large number of = a large amount of

Note3:

sth1 be available for sth2: sth2

可以获得（利用）

sth1

(3)

However, unlike SAW1,

plenty of

training patterns were available

for learning

the structure

of the data space.

Note1:

plenty of:

大量的，丰富的

Note2:

be available for

doing sth1

/ sth1

14.

上

（半）部分、下（半）部分、左（右）上部、左（右）下部

(1)

The

upper

half

of

Table

4

lists

the

percentages

of

patterns

in

the

training

set

that

were

correctly classified for each pattern recognition algorithm in each data set.

(2)

The

bottom half

of Table 4

lists

the percentages of patterns in the prediction set that were

correctly classified for each algorithm and data set.

33

15.

稍

微的（地）

、稍稍的（地）

、稍许

(1)

The SIM1 data set

featured

six data classes that

were slightly overlapped

as seen in Fig. 1.

Note1:

feature:

作动词时：展示、展现、刻画

…

的特色；由

…

主演；以

…

为特色

Note2:

slight; slightly = somewhat

16.

显

然、明显的

(1)

It is evident

from these plots

that

the pattern vectors for the training and prediction subsets

do

not

match

up

perfectly

since

the

prediction

data

was

collected

during

later

experiments

and

included vapors not in the training subset.

Note1:

it is evident from sth1 that

Note2:

match (up) :

相配，匹配

Noet3:

“介词短语作后置定语”的否定形式

:

not in the training subset.

17.

大

量的、丰富的

(1)

However, unlike SAW1,

plenty of

training patterns were available

for learning

the structure

of the data space.

Note1:

plenty of:

大量的，丰富的

Note2:

be available for

doing sth1

/ sth1

18.

怎

样、怎么

(1)

However,

we

are

primarily

interested

in

how

(

连词

)

these

algorithms

perform

on

data

obtained from chemical sensor arrays.

19.

无

论如何

…

、不管如何

…
 、无论何事

(1)

The values of A and B

are the same

,

no matter what

input

u

we take.

(2)

synthesis, survey, tutorial, overview, perspective

综述

(3)

In the following = in what follows

语法及特殊结构、用法

1.

现在分词的用法

(1)

It is unfortunate

that

I had not

written

the generalized inverter concept

as

a

separate

paper,

making

（用的好）

it difficult

to

trace in a literature search

.

(2)

Beginning

with

system

(1),

differentiating

y

,

and

performing

row

reordering

and

reduction, we obtain the following system.

(3)

Using

the

generalized

notion

of

controlled

invariance,

a

condition

for

the

controlled

invariance was

derived

.

(4)

Before

proceeding

further

with

the

analysis,

we

want

to

stress

that

the

recursive

construction

indicated

by

algorithm

(8)

can

be

interpreted

as

a

nonlinear

analogue

of

the

construction in a linear system. We

return now to

the analysis of the properties of the sequence of

distributions in the nonlinear setting.

(5)

The representation

thus obtained

is particularly interesting

when studying

the behavior of

34

the system

under the action of

the control

u

.

(6)

Methods

utilizing multivariate statistical techniques

are presented,

with applications to

soft sensing

and fault detection.

(7)

Gas turbines are mechanical devices operating on a thermodynamic cycle with (

用

) air as the

working fluid.

Note:

with sth1 as sth2

(8)

The air is compressed in a compressor, mixed with fuel and burnt in a combustor with the

gas

expanded

in

a

turbine

to

generate

power

used

in

driving

the

external

loads

depending

on

requirements.

(9)

However,

when

the

turbines

are

removed

from

operation

due

to

forced

outages,

the

downtime

incurred

depends

on

the

time

required

to

complete

the

necessary

repair

or

maintenance action, hence

affecting

its availability.

(10)

Unfortunately

, sensor measurements are often

distorted

by noise and bias,

thereby masking

the true condition of the engine

and leading to

incorrect

estimation results.

Note:

现在分词做状语：

t

hereby masking

sth.

and leading to

sth.

(11)

A hierarchical approach

to

gas path diagnostic for a two-shaft simple gas turbine

involving

multiple neural networks has been presented.

(12)

Four sample data sets from our laboratory,

involving

simulated data and chemical sensor

array data,

are used to estimate

classification accuracies for each method.

(13)

When

considering

the

qualitative

criteria,

the

LVQ

and

PNN

approaches

fare

well

compared to

BP-ANN due to their simpler training methods.

(14)

This general approach

can be applied to

any group of chemical sensors

operating together

when the signals from each sensor numerically

encode

different types of chemical information.

Note1:

any

group of; any kind of

Note2:

operating together:

此处是作“后置定语”

，当然也可以理解为作“伴随状语”

(15)

The young sitting between my sister and my brother is my cousin Jack.

Note:

现在分词短语作“后置定语”

。

(16)

The

pattern

dimensionality

for

a

sensor

array

is

considerably

smaller,

typically

ranging

from

3

to

16

(

现在分词作“补语”

)

,

thus

greatly

decreasing

the

computation

load

on

the

classification algorithm

(

现在分词作“目的状语”

)

.

Note1:

the computation load:

计算量。

Note2:

现在分词可以作“目的

/

时间

/

原因

/

伴随

状语”等，也可作“补语”

Note3:

decreas

e the computation load:

减少计算量

(17)

For many applications, the database

of training

ANN will need to be

updated

periodically

,

thus

requiring

the

algorithm

to

“relearn”

its

classification

rules.

This

procedure

must

be

performed

as simply and quickly as possible

.

Note1:

need to do

sth1:

需要

Note2:

require

sth1

to do

sth2:

要求

Note3:

as simply and quickly as possible

(18)

However,

in

recent

work

at

the

NRL,

using

simulated

chemical

sensor

array

data,

the

probabilistic

neural

network

(PNN)

was

shown

to

be

a

potentially

powerful

alternative

to

the

conventional

BP-ANN approaches.

Note1:

sth1 is shown to be + adj. / n.

Note2:

a potentially powerful alternative to sth1

35

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