初中重要语法知识点

温柔似野鬼°
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2021年02月18日 20:01
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2021年2月18日发(作者:群简介怎么写)


1.


不定代词(


some any,all both,either neither,no none,each every,many much,few little


的区别


与联系)




不定代词包括


:



all ,


both,either ,neither,any,all,none,ev


both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another,


other, some, any , one, no



以及


some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody,



no one, none, everybody, everyone.



.




2.


不定代词用法为


:(


☆☆☆☆☆重要考点


)



不定代词


+(of +


限定词


)+


名词




注意


:of


后一定要有限定词

< br>!!


这是


both,either,neither,a ny,all,none,ev


托福语法中的


both,eit her,neither,any,all,none,ev


重要考点

< br>both, all


可以直接接限定词


the!





both


的用法




1) all



,

指三者以上


both,either,neither,any,all,none ,ev


.both



,


指两者




2) all


的主谓一致


:all


的单复数由它所修饰或 指代的名词的单复数决定


.



bot h


与复数动词连用


,



both…and…


可与单数名词连用与


.



All goes well.


一切进展得很好


.



3) all


通常不与可数名词单数连用


,



:


不说


all the book,


而说


the whole book.




all


可与表时间的可数名词单数连用


,



all day,all night,all the year;


但习惯上不说


all hour,all century.



all


还可以与 一些特殊的单数名词连用


,



all China,all the city,all my life,all the way.



4)both, all


都可作同位 语


,


其位置在行为动词前


,be


动词之后


.


如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义 动词省



,


则位于助动词或情态动词之 前


.



Who can speak Japanese We both (all) can.



5) all/any/none



all (


所有的


,

< br>全部的人或物


),any (


任何一个


),none (


都不


).


以上词使用范围为三者以上


.



All the flowers are gone.


所有的花都谢了


.



I don't like any of the flowers.


这些花我都不喜欢


.



I like none of the flowers.


这些花我都不喜欢


.



注意


:all



none


用法一样


.


跟单数名词


,


用单数动词


;


跟复数名词


,


用复数动词


.



All of the students are there.


所有的学生都在那


.



All (of) the milk is there.


所有的牛奶都在那


.





each


的 用法


(


☆☆☆重要考点


)



1)every


强调全体的概念


,each


强调个体概念


.



Every student in our school works hard.


我们学校的学生都很用功


.



Each student may have one book..


每个学生都可有一本书


.



2)every


指三个以上的人或物


(


含三个


),each


指两个以上的人或物


(


含两个


).



3)every


只作形容词< /p>


,


不可单独使用


.each


可作代词或形容词


.



Every student has to take one.



Each boy has to take one.



Each of the boys has to take one.



4)every


不可以作状语


,each


可作状语


.



5)every


有反复重复的意思< /p>


,



every two weeks< /p>



;each


没有


.



6)every


< p>
not


连用


,


表示部分否 定


;each



not


连用表示全部否定


.



Every man is not honest.


并非每个人都诚实


.



Each man is not honest.


这儿每个人都不诚实


.



r



nor


的用法




1 )


如前句是否定式从句


,


则主句用


neither,


而不用


nor.



If you don't do it,neither should I.


如果你不干


,


我也 不干


.



2)


如后连续有几个否定句式


,


则用


no r,


不用


neither.



He can't sing,nor dance,nor skate.



5.


代词比较


one,that



it(


☆☆☆重 要考点


)



1)one


表示泛指


,that



it


表示特指


.that


与所指名词为同类


,


但不是同一个


,


it


与所指名词为同一个


.



I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one.(


不定


)



我找不到我的帽子了


.


我想我该去买一顶


.



The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(


同类但不同个


)


你买的那顶帽子比我买的大


.



I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it.(< /p>


同一物


)


我找不到我的帽子


.


我不知道我把它放在哪了




/another/the other


的用法




one…the other


只有两个




some…the others


有三个以上




one…another,another…



some…others,others…



others = other people/things



the others = the rest


剩余的全部




1)


泛指另一个用


another.



2)


一定范围内两人


(



),


一个用


one,


另一个用


the other.



3)


一定范围内三者


,


一个用


one,


另一个用< /p>


one (another),


第三个可用


the other,a third.



4)


一定范围内


,


除去一部分人


/



,


剩余的全部用


the others.



5)


泛指别的人或 物时


,



others


当在一定范围内


,


除去一部分后


,


剩余部分但不是全部时


,


也用


others.



/any one;no one/none


的用法




1) anyone



any one



anyone


仅指人


,any one


既可指人


,


也可指物

< br>.



2) no one



none



a)none


后跟


of


短语< /p>


,


既可指人又可指物


,

< br>而


no one


只单独使用


,< /p>


只指人


.



b )none


作主语


,


谓语动词用单


,


复数均可


,


而< /p>


no one


作主语谓语动词只能是单数


.



None of you could lift it.


你们中没有人可举起它


.



---- Did any one call me up just now --


刚才有人打电话给我吗




---- No one.--


没有


.



8. few, little, a few, a little


的用法




1)(a) few +


可数名词


, (a) little +


不可数名词




2)a few / a little

为肯定含义


,


还有一点




3)few / little


为否 定含义


,


没有多少了


.



He has a few friends.


他有几个朋友


.



He has few friends.


他几乎没有朋友


.



We still have a little time.


我们还有点时间


.



There is little time left.


几乎没剩下什么时间了


.



4)


固定搭配


:



only a few (=few)not a few (=many)quite a few (=many)



many a (=many)



Many books were sold.



Many a book was sold.



卖出了许多书


.



9many, much


的用法




Many,much


都意为



许多



可数名词


,much +


不可数名词


.



How many people are there at the meeting



How much time has we left



Many of the workers were at the meeting.



Much of the time was spent on learning






2.


时态







一般现在时:





1.


概念:经常、反复发生的动作或 行为及现在的某种状况。





2.


时间状语:



always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays,




3.


基本结构:动词



原形



(如主语为第三人称单数,动词上要改为第三人称单数形式)





4.


否定 形式:


am/is/are+not;


此时态的谓语动词若为行 为动词,


则在其前加


don't,


如主 语为第三人称单数,


则用


doesn't


,同时还原行为动词。





5.


一般疑问句:把


be

动词放于句首;用助动词


do


提问,如主语为第三人称单数 ,则用


does


,同时,


还原行为动词 。





6.


例句:


. It seldom snows here.




He is always ready to help others.




Action speaks louder than words.




二、



一般过去时:





1.


概念:过去某个时间里发生的动 作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。





2.


时间状语:


ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week,last(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now,


at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.




3.


基本结构:

be


动词;行为动词



的过去式





4.


否定形式:


was/were+n ot;


在行为动词前加


didn't


, 同时还原行为动词。




< p>
5.


一般疑问句:


was



were


放于句首;用助动词


do< /p>


的过去式


did


提问,同时还原行为动词。





6.


例句:


She often came to help us in those days.




I didn't know you were so busy.




三、



现在进行时:





1.


概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在 进行的动作及行为。





2.


时间状语:


now, at this time, these days, etc.




3.


基本结构:

am/is/are+doing



< br>4.


否定形式:


am/is/are+not+doin g.




5.


一般疑问句:把


be


动词放于句首。





6.


例句:



How are you feeling today?




He is doing well in his lessons.




四、



过去进行时:





1.


概念:表示过去某段时间或某一 时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。





2.


时间状语:


at this time yesterday, at that time


或以

when


引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。





3.


基本 结构:


was/were+doing




4.


否定形式:


was/were + not + doing.




5.


一般疑问句:把


was



were


放于句首。





6.


例句:


At that time she was working in a PLA unit.




When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.




五、



现在完成时:





1.


概念:过去发生或已经完成的动 作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动


作或状态。

< p>




2.


时间状语:


recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, etc.




3.


基本结构:


have/has + done




4.


否定形式:


have/has + not +done.




5.


一般疑问句:


have


< br>has






6.


例句:


I've written an article.




The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years.




六、



过去完成时:





1.


概念:


以过去某个时间为标准,


在此以前发生的动作或行为,


或在过去 某动作之前完成的行为,





去的过去







2.


时间状语:


before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc.




3.


基本结构:


had + done.




4.


否定形式:


had + not + done.




5.

< p>
一般疑问句:


had


放于句首。

< br>




6.


例句:


As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.




By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books




七、



一般将来时:





1.


概念:表示将要发生的动作或存 在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。





2.


时间状语:


tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow,


etc.




3.


基本结构:


am/is/are/going to + do



will/shall + do.




4.


否定形式:


was/were + not;


在行为动词前加


didn't


,同时还原行为动词。





5.


一般疑问句:


be


放于句首;


will/shall


提到句首。





6.


例句:


They are going to have a competition with us in studies.




It is going to rain.




八、



过去将来时:





1.


概念:立足于过去某一时刻,从 过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。




2.


时间状语:


the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.



3.


基本结构:


was/were/going to + do



would/should + do.



4.


否定形式:

was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do.



5.


一般疑问句:


was



were


放于句首;


would/should


提到句首。




6.


例句:


He said he would go to Beijing the next day.



I asked who was going there .





.


将来完成时:




1.


概念:在将来某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态




2.


时间状语:


by the time of;by the end of+


时间短语(将来)


;by the time+


从句(将来)




3.


基本结构:


be going to/will/shall + have done





.


现在完成进行时

< br>:



1.


概念:在过去某一时 刻之前开始的动作或状态一直持续到说话为止




2.


基本结构:


have/has +been+doing



几种常见时态的相互转换





英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换,以下是几种常 见的转换形式:





十一、



一般过去时与现在完成时的转换





在现在完成时中,延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用, 瞬间动词却不能。但是,可用别的表达


方式:


①瞬间动词用于< /p>



一段时间



+ ago”


的一般过去时的句型中;


②瞬间动词可改成与之相对应 的延续


性动词及短语,与一段时间连用;③瞬间动词用于


“It is +


一段时间



+ since +


一般过去时



的句型中,


表示



自从


……


以来有


……


时间


”< /p>


的意思,


主句一般用


it is


来代替


It has been;


④瞬间动词用于


“Some time


has passed since +


一般过去时



的句型中。请看:





A. He joined the League two years ago.




B. He has been in the League for two years.




C. It is two years since he joined the League.




D. Two years has passed since he joined the League.




十二、



一般现在时与现在进行时的转换





在一般现在时中,


at


加上名词表示



处于某种状态



,如


at work


(在工作)


, at school

< br>(上学、上课)等。


此短语可与进行时态转换。请看:





Peter is at work, but Mike is at play.




Peter is working, but Mike is playing.




十三、



现在进行时与一般将来时的转换





在现在进行时态中


go, come, leave, start, arrive


等动词常与表示将来的时间状 语连用表示将要发生的动


作。如:


I am coming, Mum!


意为



我就来,妈妈!



请看:





The train is leaving soon.




The train will leave soon.




3.


宾语从句(


3


种)



宾语从句是英语复合句中的其中非常重要的从句之一。它是用一个句子做另一个句子的宾 语,将这个


句子叫做宾语从句。宾语从句做介词或及物动词的宾语。现在从下列三个方面 总结归纳如下:






一,引导词






A,



that


引导的陈述句性的宾语从句,在很多动词如


say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agree,


expect, hear , feel


等动词后。连词


that


只起连接作用,在从句中不做句子的成分,也无词汇意义, 在口


语中常被省略,但在大多数情况下还是以不省为好,特别是在笔语中。






例:


I told him that he was wrong.





l



think, believe, suppose, expect


等动词引起的宾语从句中,有时谓语尽管是否定意义, 却不用


否定形式,而将


think


等动词变为否定形式。






例:


I don’t think you are right. (


我认为你做的不对


)





l


在许多 带有复合宾语的句子中,


that


引导的宾语从句经常移到句子 的后面,而用


it


做形式宾语。






例:


We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone (


我认为他向每一个人撒谎是错误的


)





B,


由连词


if




whether


引导的表示



是否


…”


的宾语从句。


Whether, if


在从句中不做句子的成分,


一般情 况下,


whether



if


可以替换。






例:


I don’t know if/whether he will come t


omorrow.





The teacher asked if/whether we had finished the experiment.





l< /p>


在介词后面的宾语从句中不用


if


引导< /p>






例:


Everything depends on whether we have enough money







l


宾语从句中有


or not


时不用


if


引导


.





例:


I don’t know whether the movie star will come or not.






l< /p>


和不定式连用作宾语时不用


if


引导


.





例:


Whether to go there or not hasn’t been decided.






C,


由< /p>


wh-


引导的宾语从句。连接代词


who ,whom,whose, what, which,


和连接副词


when, where, why,


how


等连接的宾语从句,它们在句中即有连接从句的作用, 又在句中充当句子的成分。






例:


Do you know which film they are talking about? (which


做定语


)





I don’t know


where he lives. (where


做地点状语


)





二,宾语从句的语序,






宾语从句从句的语序必须是陈述语 序,既连接词


+


主语


+


谓语


+


其他成分






例:


I believe that they will come soon.





He asked me whether I was a teacher.





They wanted to know what they can do for us.





二,宾语从句的时态。






宾语从句的时态受主句的限制,






既:主句是一般现在时态,从句根据实际情况而定。






主句 是一般过去时态,从句用相应的过去的时态。如果从句的动作发生在主句之前,则从句要用


过去完成时态。







:





1)She says that she is a student.





She said that she was a student.





2)She says that she will fly to Japan in a week.





She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.





3)She says that she has finished her homework already.





She said that she had finished her homework already.





4)She says that she can sing a song in English.





She said that she could sing a song in English.





l


如果宾 语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时,这时宾语从句要用一般现在时态。






例:


The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.





He told me that Japan is an island country.





lCould you tell me…


是用来征询对方的意见,语气委婉,并不表示过去。






例:


Could you tell me when we will visit the History Museum?





注意事项:






u


由陈述 句变成宾语从句时,要注意人称的变化。






例:


She said: “I have been to England before.”






She said that she had been to England before.





She asked me: “Do you like moths?”






She asked me if I liked moths.





u


宾语从句与简单句的交换。






由连 接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句,


如果宾语从句的主语和主句的主语是同一个人时,< /p>


可以




疑问词


+


不定式







做宾语的简单句结构。






例:


I don’t know what I should do next.






I can’t know what to do next.






He didn’t know where he would live.






He didn’t know where to live.




4.


定语从句(以


that


为主)




定语从句






I.


定语从句起了形容词的作用,在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词,引导 定语从句


的词叫关系词,


他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中 间起了连接作用,


二是在从句中担当一个成分,


并与先行词保持 数的一致。



关系词



先行词



从句成分



例句



备注



关系代词



who




主语



Do you know the man who is talking with your mother? whom, which



tha t


在从句中做宾语时,常可以省略,但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略,也不可以用< /p>


that



whom




宾语



Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working


The boy (whom) she loved died in the war..




whose


人,物



定语



I like those books whose topics are about history.


The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate.





that


人,物



主语,宾语



A plane is a machine that can fly.


She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.




which




主语,宾语



The book (which) I gave you was worth $$10.


The picture which was about the accident was terrible.




as


人,物



主语,宾语



He is such a person as is respected by all of us.


This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.



as


做宾语一般不省略



关系副词



when


时间



时间状语



I will never forget the day when we met there.


可用


on which



where


地点



地点状语



This is the house where I was born.


可用


in which



why


原因



原因状语



I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.


可用


for which


II. that



which, who, whom


的用法区别:



情况



用法说明



例句



只用


t hat


的情况



1





先行词为


all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,


等不定代词时。



2





先行词被


all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few


等修饰时



3





先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时



4





先行词既指人又指物时



5





先行词被


the only, the very


修饰时



6





句中已经有


who



which


时,为了避免重复时



told me everything that he knows.


the books that you offered has been given out.


is the best film that I have ever read.


talked about the persons and things that we remembered.


is the only man that I want to see.


is the man that is making a speech?


只用


which, who, whom


的情况



1





在非限制性定语从句中,只能用


which


指代物,用


who/whom


指人



2





在由



介词


+


关系代词



引导的定语从句中,只能用


which


指物,


whom


指人。



3





先行词本身是


that


时,


关系词用


which,


先行词为


those, one, he


时多用


who




He has a son, who


has gone abroad for further study.


I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.


Those who respect others are usually respected by others.


III. as



which


的区别:



定语从句



区别



例句



限制性定语从句中



名词前有


such



the same

< br>修饰时,


关系代词用


as,


不能 用


which He is not such a


fool as he looks.


Don’t read such books as you can’t unde


rstand.



非限制性定语从句中



as

< p>


which


都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有< /p>



正如,象



的 含义,并可以放在主


句前,


也可以放在后面,

< br>那么用


as




which


引导的从句只能放主句后,


并无

< p>


正如



的意思。



They won


the game, as we had expected.


They won the game, which we hadn’t expected.



As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.




IV.


限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别:



类别



语法意义及特征



例句



限制性定语从句



对先行词起修饰限制 作用,如果去掉,主句意思就不完整明确,这种从句与主句的关


系十分密切,写时不用逗 号分开。



The accident happened at the time when I left.


非限制性定语从句



对先行词作附加 的说明,与主句的关系不十分密切,较松散。从句和主句之间用


逗号分开,相当于一个插 入语,不能用


that


引导,关系代词做宾语时也不能省略。< /p>


His


mother,


whom


he loved deeply, died ten years ago.





7.


形容词与副词的比较级,最高级





A


特殊变化与一般变化





B


用法





8.


动词的种类





行为、情态、联系、助动词





9.


句子的成分





主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语





10.


简 单句


5


大基本句型(顺便掌握及物与不及物动词的区别)





11.


动词不定式





A


基本结 构(


to+


动词原型,否定式为


not to+


动词原型)





B


用法





C


疑问词


+


不定式





12.


被动语态





A


主动与被动的概念





B


构成




C


情态动词被动语态




一、



明确被动语态的使用场合




一般来说


,


当句子的主语是句子谓语动作的承受 者时


,


句子要用被动


语态而不能用主动 语态。如:




According to the news, many college students asked to be sent to the


faraway


places.


按照这个消息的说法,很多大学生要求被派往边远地


区。




二、主动形式表被动意义




1.


有些表示状态特征的系动词、感官动词,如


look,


sound,


feel,


smell, taste, prove, appear, sound, turn out



+


形容词


/


名词的系表结构。


如:



The music sounds beautiful.


这音乐听起来很美。




2.


表示主语的某种属性特征的动词。如:


read, write, act, sell, wash,


clean,


wear,


open,


cook,


lock,


shut,


dry,


eat,


drink,


keep,


feel,burn,


last,


strike, cut


等。这类动词一般不单独使用,常有一 个修饰语。或与表示


行为方式的状语连用,或与情态动词连用。如:



This coat dries easily.


这件大衣很容易干。




The door won't lock.


这扇门锁不上。




3.


表示开始、结束、运动的动词。如


begin, finish, start, open, close,


stop, end, move


。如:




Work


began


at


7


o'clock


this


morning.


今天早晨的工作是


7


点开始


的。




4.


少数动词用于进行时,


其主动形式表示被动含义。


如:


print, build,


cook, fry, hang, build, make


。如:




The books are printing.


这些书正在印刷中。




5.


介词


in, on, under ... +


名词构成的介词短语表示被动意义。如:




The house facing the tower is in the possession of Mr Bob.


面对着塔


的屋子是


Bob


的。




6.



get,


become,


go


等动词用作系动词,其表语是过去分词时,


可以表示被动,此结构比较口语化。如:




The patient got treated once a week.


那位病人一周得到一次治疗。




7.


某些不及物动词或相当于不及物动词的短语动词如


break out, go


well, take place, occur


等。如:




What body changes occur when the sperm whale drives?


抹香鲸潜入


水中时,身体会发生 什么变化?




8. want, need, require


等动词后用


V-ing

< p>
形式可以表示被动意义。


如:




The machine needs repairing.


这台机器需要修理了。




9.


形容词


worth + V-ing


分词时。如:




This book is well worth reading again.


这本书很值得再读一遍。




三、不能转化成被动语态的主动句




我们知道不及物动词没有被动语态,


有的及物动词也可以用作不 及


物动词,同样也没有被动语态,凡是属于下列情况的主句不能转化成

< br>被动语态:




1.


某些表示状态的及物动词。


如:


have, own, possess, lack, want, fit,


suit, become, last, cost, fail, escape, hold


等。如:




Our boss possesses great wealth.


我们老板拥有巨大的财富。




2.


当宾语是反身代词或相互代词时,不能有相应的被动语态。如:




I cut myself when I was cutting meat.


当我切肉时,割伤了自己。




3.


当宾语是不定式或动名词时,通常不能有对应的被动句。如:




This might help to bring out the problem more clearly.


这也许有助于


使问题明朗化。




四、不及物动词的被动结构




一般地说,不及物动词没有被动结构,这是因为不及物动词没 有宾


语,但有些不及物动词接上介词、副词或其他成分构成一个短语动词,


相当于及物动词,这时可以有被动语态,但是要注意所接的介词、副


词或其它 成分一定不能省略。如:




We must write to him. →He must be written to.


我们必须写信给他。





13.


虚拟语气(以



现在不可能发生



为主)< /p>





结构为< /p>


If+



+V-ed,

< br>主


+would do






注意从句里面

be



were




14.


双宾语





15.


情态动词





can,could,should,would,would like,might may,have to must,need


特别注意掌握情态动词表推测





16.


直接引语,间接引语





注意指示代词、时间与地点词、动词转换的情况





注意不转换的情况





注意主从一致





17.


状语从句(特别是


IF



WHEN



UNT IL






注意主


句一般将来时,从句用一般现在表将来。




1


、时间状语从句








1



as



when



whi le


用法一览表。



类别


















as


表示 “当……的时候”


,往


She


came


up


as


I


was


往和


when/ while


通用,< /p>


但它着


cooking.(


同时


)


as


重强调主句与从句的动作或


The


runners


started


as


the


gun


事情同时或几乎同时发生。



went off.(


几乎同时


)


(at or during the time that )


既可


It


was


raining


when


we


when


以表示在某一点的时 候,又可


arrived.(


指时间点


)

-


-


-


-


-


-


-


-